INTERNSHIPPROJECTREPORT

company internship Chapter:1

The History of Ayurveda:

                         The science of life, prevention and longevity is the oldest and most holistic medical system available on the planet today. It was placed in written form over 5,000 years ago in India, it was said to be a world medicine dealing with both body and the spirit. Before the advent of writing, the ancient wisdom of this healing system was a part of the spiritual tradition of the Sanatana Dharma (Universal Religion), or Vedic Religion. VedaVyasa , the famous sage, Shakta Esha avatar of Vishnu , put into writing the complete knowledge of Ayurveda , along with the more directly spiritual insights of self-realization into a body of scriptural literature called the Vedas and the Vedic literatures . There are two mains re - organizers of Ayurveda whose works are still existing today - Charak and Sushrut. The third major treatise is called the Ashtanga Hridaya, which is a concise version of the works of Charak and Sushrut . Thus the three main Ayurvedic texts that are still used today are the Charak Samhita (compilation of the oldest book Atreya Samhita ) , Sushrut Samhita and the Ashtangha Hridaya Samhita . These books are believed to be over 1,200 years old . It is because these texts still contain the original and complete knowledge of this Ayurvedic world medicine , that Ayurveda is known today as the only complete medical system still in existence . Other forms of medicine from various cultures , although parallel are missing parts of the original information .  


Introduction Of Ayurveda:

         Ayurveda is a holistic system of medicine from India that uses a constitutional model . Its aim is to provide guidance regarding food and lifestyle so that healthy people can stay healthy and folks with health challenges can improve their health .


 There are several aspects to Ayurveda that are quite unique:

Its recommendations will often be different for each person regarding which foods and which lifestyle they should follow in order to be completely healthy . This is due to its use of a constitutional model . 

Everything in Ayurveda is validated by observation , inquiry , direct examination and knowledge derived from the ancient texts .

It understands that there are energetic forces that influence nature and human beings . These forces are called the Tridoshas .

Because Ayurveda sees a strong connection between the mind and the body , a huge amount of information is available regarding this relationship . 


Theory of Tridosha

                  Ayurvedic practitioners take into consideration the body constitution of a patient before prescribing any medicine , for the medicine , which suits a vatiya ( vata ) constitution , will not help a patient having shleshmic ( kapha ) constitution . Tridosha - its types and correlation with Panchmahabhoota

VATA :-

      Organ in which situated Dominant Mahabhoota

      Prana Murdha ( palate ) jala 

      Samana Koshtha ( stomach ) Agni

     Vyana Sarva sharer ( whole body ) vayu

     Apana Muladhara ( genitourinary tract ) Prithvi

     Udana Urh Pradesh ( chest ) akasha


PITTA  :- 

    Aalochak Netra ( eye ) Agni 

    Sadhak Hridaya ( heart ) aakash 

    Pachak Koshtha ( stomach ) prithvi 

    Ranjak Yakrit , pleeha ( liver , spleen ) jala

    Bhrajak Tvak ( skin ) vayu 


KAPHA :-

   Bodhak Jivha ( tongue ) Agni

   Kledak Amashaya ( stomach ) jala 

   Avlambak Hridaya ( heart ) prithvi 

   Tarpak Indriya ( sense organs ) akasha

   Shleshak Sand ( joints ) vayu 


Principal of Ayurveda:-

            According to ayurvedic philosophy an individual bundle of ` spirit ' , desirous of expressing itself , uses subjective consciousness or Satwa to manifest sense organs and a mind . Spirit and mind then project themselves into a physical body , created from the five ( Pancha ) great ( maha ) eternal elements ( bhutas ) - together called the Panchamahabhutas - which arise from Tamas . The sense organs then using Rajas to project from the body into the external world to experience their objects . The body becoming the mind's vehicle , its physical instrument for sense gratification . The Bhutas combine into " Tridoshas " or bioenergetics forces that govern and determine our health or physical condition . While the three gunas ( Rajas or activity , Tamas or inertia and Satwa , which balances the first two ) or psychic forces determine our mental and spiritual health . Ayurveda is thus a holistic system of health care that teaches us to balance these energies in order to achieve optimum health and well being  

            According to Ayurveda everything in life is composed of the Panchamahabhutas - Akash ( Space ) , Vayu ( Air ) , Jal ( Water ) , Agni ( Fire ) and Prithvi ( Earth ) . Omnipresent , they are mixed in an infinite variety of relative proportions such that each form of matter is distinctly unique . Although each element has a range of attributes , only some get evident in particular situations . Constantly changing and interacting with each other , they create a situation of dynamic flux that keeps the world going . 

            Within a simple , single living cell for example the earth element predominates by giving structure to the cell . The water element is present in the cytoplasm or the liquid within the cell membrane . The fire element regulates the metabolic processes regulating the cell . While the air element predominates the gases therein . The space occupied by the cell denoting the last of the elements . 

       In the case of a complex , multi - cellular organism as a human being for instance , akash corresponds to spaces within the body ( mouth , nostrils , abdomen etc. ) ; vayu denotes the movement ( essentially muscular ) ; agni controls the functioning of enzymes ( intelligence , digestive system , metabolism ) ; jal is in all body fluids ( as plasma , saliva , digestive juices ) ; and prithvi manifests itself in the solid structure of the body ( bones , teeth , flesh , hair et al









 

Chapter:2

Ayurvedic Pharma Industry in India


                Ayurvedic medicines are produced by several thousand companies in India , but most of them are quite small , including numerous neighborhood pharmacies that compound ingredients to make their own remedies . It is estimated that the total value of products from the entire Ayurvedic production in India is on the order of one billion dollars ( U.S. ) . The industry has been dominated by less than a dozen major companies for decades , joined recently by a few others that have followed their lead , so that there are today 30 companies doing a million dollars or more per year in business to meet the growing demand for Ayurvedic medicine . The products of these companies are included within the broad category of " fast moving consumer goods " ( FMCG ; which mainly involves foods , beverages , toiletries , cigarettes , etc. ) . Most of the larger Ayurvedic medicine suppliers provide materials other than Ayurvedic internal medicines , particularly in the areas of foods and toiletries ( soap , toothpaste , shampoo , etc. ) , where there may be some overlap with Ayurveda , such as having traditional herbal ingredients in the composition of toiletries .

              The key suppliers in Ayurveda are Dabur , Baidyanath , and Zandu , which together have about 85 % of India's domestic market . These and a handful of other companies are mentioned repeatedly by various writers about the Ayurvedic business in India ; a brief description is provided for them , arranged here from oldest to newest .

STATUS OF AYURVEDA IN INDIA :-

            The Indian government and non - government organizations have been collecting statistics on the Ayurvedic system in India and these data about the manpower and institutional aspects of Ayurveda have emerged 

Number of registered medical practitioners : 366,812

Number of dispensaries : 22,100

Number of hospitals : 2,189

Number of hospital beds : 33,145 

Number of teaching institutions ( undergraduate ) : 187

Number of upgraded postgraduate departments : 51 

Number of specialties in postgraduate medical training : 16 

Number of pharmacies manufacturing Ayurvedic medicines: 8,400 

             In India, 60 % of registered physicians are involved in non - allopathic systems of medicine. In addition to the nearly 400,000 Ayurvedic practitioners, there are over 170,000 homeopathic physicians; India has about 500,000 medical doctors (similar to the number in the U.S. , but serving nearly 4 times as many people ) . Reliance on Ayurvedic medicine is heavy in certain regions of India , such as Kerala in the Southwest . Many Ayurvedic practitioners in small villages are not registered . One of the famous clinics of India is described in Appendix 2 and a new clinic complex is serving visitors from abroad is mentioned in Appendix 3 .















Chapter:3

Introduction to Company 

Shree Swami Atmanand Saraswati Ayu. Co-op Pharmacy ltd.(ASFA) was founded in 1949 by Swami Atmanand Saraswati Maharaj. It is commonly referred to as "ASFA". ASFA is a company that makes Ayurvedic medicines and herbal products. Asafa is about 310 different types of Ayurvedic. Asafa has mainly two branches in Surat where medicines are produce at 1)Navagam.2)Varachha. 

Navagam branch makes a variety of powders and tablets And in varachha branch, churna and tablets and many other medicines are made. This organization is used to create an item using cost efficient and modern technology so that customers can achieve satisfaction with the item.


History and business overview of ASFA

History

Shree Atmanand Saraswati Swami Maharaj was the Holy saint from Varanasi came to Surat and along with delivering religious discourses on 'Gita' in the year of 1925, He started teachings of the ashram to the students and later on, started teaching Ayurveda and started preparing Ayurvedic medicine for the needy and poor patients.

Business overview

This factory having GMP Standard and iso mark ISO 9001-2008 It has about 5 corers turn over per year.

ASFA has got about 100 employees well trained and experienced for Manufacturing with latest Machinery and expert administrative wing.

They are using latest technology and have well equip. Also laboratory and QC department.

They have own shops two at surat,1 at each Valsad, Baroda, Ahemdabad, Bardoli, Bharuch.

The firm is selling through dealers and own branch network. (Manufacture to wholesaler to retailer to consumer).

The firm is manufacturing wide range of Ayurvedic medicine like that Churn, Vati, Pills, Tablets, Syrup, Asav, Ghrit, Tail, Avleh, Sarbat, Bhasma many authors.

The entire Activities of ASFA is controlled and governed by board of directors, elected amongst 4500 Shareholders.


Location of Factory and Branches

Factory of ASFA: -

Near Panini taki,

 Varachha road,

 Surat-395006 

Phone no. (0261-648092, 644410)

17, 18, Navagam Udhyognagar Co-operative Sangh

 Navagam,

 District: Kamrej,

 Surat , Phone no: (02621-25244


Branches:

Near Bank of Baroda, 

Chouta pool, 

Surat, 

Phone no: 0261-426413


Ayurvedic Hospital Compound,

 Station road,

 Surat.


Dhanasutar Ni Poll,

Relief road ,

 Ahemadabad.


Balavant Building, 

Kharivav road,

 Baroda.


8, Navrang Shopping Center,

 Panch Bati,

 Bharuch.


3, Amar Chambers, 

Near the lal school, 

Valsad.


Hirachand Nagar,

 Station road, 

Bardoly.


Vision of ASFA

This company is only limited in Gujarat but now it went to expand their business and introduce its product in new state.

To increase the quality of their product

Change packaging style and use new and attractive style of packaging

Use modern technique of production and expand their capacity

Introduce cosmetics product of ASFA in the market

Organization Structure of AFSA 


Board Of directors Names:


NO NAMES OF MEMBERS OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE ATTENDANCE PHONE

NUMBER

1 Dr. Navinchandra B. Patel - (Mr. Prasident) 7 9825766389

2 Shree Arvindbhai M. Patel                - (Vice prasident) 7 9726151717

3 Dr . Purushottambhai p. Mishri        - (Hon’ble minister) 5 9426836736

4 Dr. Kanubhai G. Mavani 5 9825144801

5 Dr. Bakimchandra R. Thakar 2 9825770435

6 Shree Pragneshbhai I. Desai 7 9904027000

7 Dr . Nanubhai D. Harkhani 7 9825430222

8 Shree Nitinchandra P. Maheta 2 9825477927

9 Mrs Dr. Jayanaben bharatbhai bhakt  6 9824372072

10 Mrs Charulataben R. Patel 2 987930367

11 Shree Purushottambhai N. Patel 4 9512590000

12 Shree Ajaykumar jashavantlal Choksi 5 9428872727

13 Dr . Pradipbhai  J. Suryvanshi -( representative of ashram sabha) 6 9898882473

14 Dr . Ishwarbhai  K. Patel  - ( representative of ashram sabha) 6 9825261157

15 Shree  Sandipbhai  J. Desai  - ( representative of surat dis .co.) Bank Nil 9825011120

16 Shree magistrate register representative                                              Nil 2665051


List of dealers

There are 79 dealers of ASFA in whole Gujarat. Here represents only name of cities in which ASFA has dealers.

Name of city Number of Traders Name of city Number of Traders

Ahmadabad 9 Rajpipala 2

Rajpipala 2 Amod 1

Surendranagar 2 Mahuva 1

Vyara 2 Vapi 1

Bharuch 2 Bilimora 4

Vadodara 4 Bardoli 2

Vidhyanagar 2 Godhara 2

Gandevi 1 Gandhinagar 2

Junagarh 2 Kathor 1

Kapadvanj 1 Mumbai 3

Mandavi 1 Amran 1

Naari 4 Porbandar 1

Surat 14 Chikhali 2

Viramgam 1 Bilimora 4


Products Of ASFA

Aabha gugal Aamlak churna Aamrakshashi vati

Aarogyavardhani no-1 Aarogyavardhani ras no-2 Abhaya churan

Abhaya tablet Abhayarisht Abhrak bhasma sahastraputi

Abhrak bhasma satputi Abhrakbhasma nishchandra Agnikumar ras

Agnitundi vati Ajmodadi churna Akik bhasma

Amruta churan Anandbhairav ras Anantmool churna

Arjuna churna Arjunarishta Arshoghni vati

ASFA balm ASFA cough syrup ASFA enzyme

ASFA harde tablet ASFA himetone ASFA lex

ASFA nindrodaya tablet ASFA ojas tablet ASFA ton

Ashok churna Ashokarisht Ashthi sandhanak lape

Ashwagandha churna Ashwagandha tablet Ashwagandhadi churna

Ashwagandharisht Ashwakanchuki Ras Avipatikar Churna

Avipatikar tablet Ayurvedic dant manjan Bal chaturbhadra churna

Bal chaturbhadra syrup Bala taila Balrakshak gutika

Balrakshak sogathi Banfasa Bang bhasma

Bel garbh (bilva churna) Bhallatak dantmanjan Bhrungraj hair oil

Birhad gangadhar churna Bol parpati Bola vati tablet

Brahmi churna Brahmi ghrut Brahmi hair oil

Brahmi vati sp. Bruhat vasant kusumakar ras Chandanasava

Chandrakala ras (sado) Chandrakala ras (with mukta) Chandramrut ras

Chandramruta vati tablet Chandraprabhavati no-1 Chandraprabhavati special tablet

Chhagladi ghrut Chhardiripu vati Chincha bhallatak vati

Chintamani ras Chitrakadi vati Chitrakmool churna

   

Darajno malam chitrakmool churna Choshatha prahari piper Chyavanprashavaleh

Cinchona bark churna Cinchona bark tablet Dantodbhav gadantak ras

Darajni sogthi Darajno malam Dashang lep

Dashmul kwath (coarse powder) Dashmularist Davanal churna

Devdarvadi kwath (coarse powder) Devdarvadi kwatha (liquid) Dhatri Nisha

Dhatri rasayan spe. Dindayal churna Doshagana lep

Drakshasav Dwatridashang Kwath (Coarse Powder) Dwatridashang Kwatha (Liquid)

Ekangvir ras Gairik churna vishista Gairika churna

Gandhak rasayan Gandhak vati Garbhapal ras

Gasovin tablet Godanti bhasma Godanti pushpa churna

Gokshur churna Gokshuradi gugal Gokshuradi gugal

Granthik churna Gulkand special Hajarul yahud bhasma

Hingul pisti Hingvastak churna Ichhabhedi ras no-1

Indrajav Irimedadi Taila Jahar Mohra Pishti

Jatyadi taila Jawahar mohara ras Jiralu

Jirkadi vati Jivitprada vatee teblet

Jwarari pills Jwardhni gutika Kalyan vatak

Kamdudha ras (with mukta) Kampilak churna Kanchnar gugal

Kantakaryavaleh Kantkari Lavankshar Kanyalohadi Gutika

Kariyatu churna Karpadika bhasma Rasayan churna

Karpura ras Katuki churna Reducid tablet

Kavachbeej churna Khadiradi ghrut Samsamani vati no 1

Khadiradi vati Kishor gugal Sankh bhasma

Kravyad ras (laghu) Krumimudgar ras Saptamrutyog tablet

Kuberax churna Kushthhar sogthi Sarjak kshar

Kustha churna Kutjarishta Saubhagya pushpa churna

Laghu yograj gugal Laksha churna Shankhavali churna

Lavan bhaskar churna Lodhra curna Shatpatryadi churna

Loha bhasma Lohasav Shiva tablet

Madhunashinyadi churna Mahalaxadi taila Shukti bhasma

Mahamanjistadi ghan tablet Mahanarayana taila Sindoradi malam

Mahanarayana taila sp. Maharasnadi kwath (powder) Sitopaladi tablet

Maharasnadi kwatha (liquid) Mahasudrarshan churna Somkalpa churn

Mahasudrarshan tablet Makardhwaja dwigun Sootshekhar ras (without gold)

  Powder Suwarna makshik bhasma

Makardhwaja vati patent Makardhwaja vati shataguna Swadisth pachan churna

Makardhwaja vati special Mandur bhasma Thandai

Mandur vati Manjistadi churna Tribhuvankirti rasa

Manikya rasadi gutika Mochras Trifala gugal

Mukta pishti Narayan taila Trivrut churna

Navayas loh Panchamrut parpati Vacha churna

Panchgun taila Panchtikta ghrut Vasavaleha

Pardadi malam Pathyadi gugal Vidarikand churna

Pathyadi kwath (coarse powder) Patoladi kwath (coarse powder) Yashad bhasma

Phal ghrut Pradrantac loha Raupya bhasma

Praval bhasma Prosteton Samirpannag ras

Punarnava churna Punarnavadi kwath (coarse powder) Sandhivathar vati 

Punarnavarisht Pushyanug Churna Saptamrut loha

Puskarmul churna Ras sindoor Sarasvat churn

Trikatu churna Sitopaladi churn Satavari churna

Vaat chintamani ras (bruhat) Smruti rasayan churna Shadshiti guggulu

Churna Sootshekhar ras (with gold) Shankhvatee bruhat

Vidang Churna Suvarn vasant malti bruhat Shiva churna

Vishwabhesaj churna Swadist virechan churn Shrung bhasma

Yastimadhu vati Tamra bhasma Shwaskuthar ras

Trifala ghrit Tribhuvankirti Mishran  









Chapter: 4

Production department








           Production is the process of converting the raw materials and other inputs into the products for further production or the finished goods or services so that the utility of inputs is created or enhanced and the needs of the consumers are satisfied. That is consumer goods, industrial goods, services of transport, medical treatment, education, banking , post and telegraphs , insurance etc. so in simple meaning the management of the production process is called as production management . Production management means creating and maintaining an environment in which individuals working together in groups willingly contribute their best to produce the specified goods and services by optimum utilization of raw materials and other inputs so as to timely satisfy the needs of the customers. Good Production management is essential for every organization and it is important in following ways, 

It helps to satisfy the need of customer timely.

It increases the productivity of organization.

It gives better satisfaction to the employees.

It satisfies the investors by increasing return on investment and capital appreciation.

It satisfies the community by welfare and development activities.

It satisfies the suppliers.

It benefits to whole nation.


Organization Structure of Production department of “ ASFA ”

 

Raw material section

                                A variety of herbal items such as amla, aritha, neem, aloe vera, Elaichi, tulsi are commonly used for raw materials


Planning of raw material: 

                                    Production Department Depending on the demand, the estimated raw material’s samples and catalog are demanded from various traders which good sample and low-price list is selected. Then the raw material is ordered to the selected trader.  The sample of the trader is forwarded to the QC department for analysis. Then received raw materials are compared to the sample given by the trader. the company is divided into three sections for raw material planning.

(Generally, A sample of traders is also called as standard sample)


Under test section: - 

Raw material from merchant is kept at this place.           

That raw material which has not been tested yet are placed on yellow line.           

Raw material placed on yellow line are sent to QC department.


Approval section: -

If the Raw materials are accepted by Qc department, then it is arranged in Approval section.

It is placed on the green line; the raw materials are cleared after receiving approval.



Rejection Section: -

If the Raw material received from the merchant are rejected by the QC department, the Raw material are returned to the merchant with the red line symbol.




Storage of raw material:

The organization mainly keeps two ben type of storages


           



For herbal materials: 

Botanical Material section: In this, goods like leaves, dry fruits, roots, flowers, fruits, trunks are stored.

Minerals section: in this section, Substance like that iron, copper, Calcium, Manganese, Sodium, gold etc. are kept to stored

Volatile oils: The oils obtained by botanical are called volatile oil. It’s also called as essential oil. Volatile or essential oils are hydrocarbons extracted from plant sources and used in aromatherapy, applied topically or ingested as an herbal preparation. Most cause central nervous system stimulation or depression if systemically absorbed. They can also be potent sensitizing agents resulting in allergic dermatitis.

Birch oil, camphor, cinnamon, clove oil, eucalyptus oil, elemicin and myristicin(nutmeg), menthol, melaleuca (tea tree) oil, pennyroyal oil, turpentine oil, wintergreen oil and any Another 87 different flower and tree’s oils are stored.

Storage for gum, resin and any other similar items.

Animal material storage: in this storage, Oysters, shells, horns, etc. are stored.


Ingredients materials: When another medicine or medical drugs is used to make one medicine, such a medicine or medical drugs is stored in this place.


Essential document for raw materials:

inward register 

outward register

Waste Sheet: prepare for defective goods

Vepari ghatt patrak (traders Thick Sheet): Such a sheet is prepared when the goods received from the merchant are less.

Pek daagina patrak: such a sheet is prepared when the goods are decrease from storage.


INVENTORY MANAGEMENT


    ABC ANALYSIS OF   INVENTORY: -

                           The number of items of inventory in a Zandu runs into hundreds. From the point of view of controlling. it becomes extremely difficult to monitor each one of these items. ABC Analysis suggests to keep a close watch over items which account for a high percentage of the value of annual usage of all items of inventory. 


According to this system various items of inventory are grouped into three distinct categories.                           

           A item: - The A category items are those in which it has largest rupee investment but which consist of number of items. These must be under the tightest control These are most costly items of inventory.

           B items: - B items are between A and C. they require less monitoring than A but more then. 

           C items: - The C group typically consists of a large number of items according for a small rupee investment. These items do not require any special attention and control .








Inventory control of zandu product :-

Cost wise contribution of items in zandu 

Class Raw material Products

A Micro hared wax

Petroleum jelly

Menthol

Amla, baheda,sema

Harde,saunt

Saffron Balm

Honey

Pancharistha

Kesari jivan

Chyanprash


B Drakes

Shatavari 

Guggul Mah Sudersan Churna 

Nityam Churna Trifala Churna Tablets

C Mari 

Chandan 

Taj 

Elchi 

Ajmo 

Ardusi 

Katha 

Hing Vasakarista Ekangveer Ras Bhasma Lohasona Ashokaristha Draksharistha


“A” class item: 60%

" B " class items: - 30 %

" C " class items: - 10 %

Levels of inventory


MAXIMUM LEVEL OF INVENTORY: -

                Zandu kept maximum level of stock for 3 batches. 


MINIMUM LEVEL OF INVENTORY:-

           Zandu kept minimum level of stock for 2 batches. 


REORDER LEVEL

            Zandu place a reorder level after 3 batches.


SAFETY STOCK

                Zandu kept safety stock for 2 batches.

                Safety stock=minimum level of inventory.


Plant layout and location


                        ASFA is a company with an area of about 233 m lengths and 15 meters. ASFA is located at Kalakunj that is area of Surat which is the industrial area so all types of facilities are available as well and very easily. The most important part of production is got to easily the raw material at lowest transportation cost so overall cost is decreased.


                         And here, both skilled and unskilled workers are easily available than as the villages and many cities’ areas. ASFA is located near main Road which makes the transportation easier. Other facility like railway facility is also near. Railway is within 2 km at to company. Company is in the industrial area so electricity, water, gases, land etc. are all easily available at the site.




Type of production system

This company is manufacture of product with continuous manufacturing system.

Company is manufacture with mass production.

It’s consumer consumption goods.

Here, 17 various types of products are manufacture like that Ashavaristh, Avleh, Balm, Bhashama, powder, Ghrit, Marham, Oil, Parpati, Pills, Pisti, Powder, Semi Solid, Sogthi, Syrup, Table, Vatak So that it’s limited product or few products are manufacture.

Company is using highly automatic and sophisticated machines. 


Responsibility of production department


To prepare BMR (batch manufacturing Record).

To forecast need of raw material.

give to approval and reject of raw material checked by QC department.

To prepare various types of documents related to production department.

To doing record of company traders.

Give to advice and suggestion to another department.

To complete some tasks of QC department. 

Supervision of plant, process of production. 

Look after on production supervisors and workers. And solved their problems regarding production system. 

Constant flow of production.


Plant layout:- 


ASFA using combine layout. Product according plant layout used. Sometimes using process layout and product layout. For understand to layout So follow below table.


 Product category For using layout

Churana Process layout 

     Tablets Process layout

    Syrup Product layout

    Balm Product layout

  


Essential document in production process  


Every pharma industry are prepare three important document in process of medicine and other pharma products.


Batch Manufacturing Record (BMR) or Batch Processing Record (BPR)

Batch manufacturing record is a written document of the batch from dispensing to Inspection stage which tells about the procedure and step wise instruction to be followed during the manufacturing of each batch. It contains actual data of the process and it is like a proof that batches were properly made and checked by quality Assurance personnel. It also contains the details like Who has done the activity, when the done the activity etc.

Procedure for review of BMR or BPR:

In Raw material Dispensing Stage:

Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

Ensure the Line clearance is verified by QA.

Ensure the balance calibration date and due date is recorded.

Check the calculation of Potency of API and verified by QA. if applicable.

Ensure the label of ‘Dispensed Material’ is as per ‘Bill of Material’.

Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By and Checked By is completed.

Ensure the selection of code of active material is done, if applicable.

Quantity of material issued with respect to quantity as per ‘Bill of Material’.

Ensure the Checklist of required equipment and area is attached with BMR.

Check the ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

Ensure the Printout of Balance is attached, material wise with BMR (If applicable)

In Granulation Stage:

Ensure the date of ‘Dispensed Materials’ is within the hold time.

Ensure the ‘Weight Verification’ of all ‘Dispensed Materials’ is completed and signed prior to manufacturing.  

Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

Check the Line clearance is verified by QA.

Ensure the Sieve/Screen is used as per mention in the batch record

Calculate the total net weight of containers used for binder is as per required quantity.

Check the pre-lubrication and Lubrication activity is performed as per BMR.

Check the Printout of blending activity with actual Start Time, End Time and RPM.

Ensure the calculation of ‘Reconciliation’ of blend is correct.

Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By, Done By and Checked By is completed.

Check the checklist of required equipment and area is attached with BMR.

Check the ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

In Compression Stage:

Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

Check the QA person is signed on the ‘Release for Compression’.

Ensure the date of ‘Lubricated Blend’ should not be exceeds the hold time.

Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

Check the Line clearance is verified by QA.

Check the actual type of cam is mentioned.

Check the written frequency of metal detector performance checks if as per BMR.

Check the all In process is done as per In process Control Specification frequency.

Ensure the printout time as per In process checks and it should sign with date.

Ensure the balance calibration date and due date is recorded.

Calculate the total net weight is written correct.

Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By, Done By and Checked By is completed.

Calculate the net weight of each container is written correct

& yield reconciliation

Check the checklist of required equipment & ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

In Capsule Filling Stage:

Check the QA person is signed on the ‘Release for Capsule filling’.

Ensure the date of ‘Lubricated Blend’ should not be exceeds the hold time.

Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

Check the Line clearance is verified by QA.

Check frequency of metal detector performance checks is as per BMR.

Ensure the Empty Capsules Sorter Challenge test is performed as per BMR.

Check all the In process is done as per In process Control Specification frequency.

Check the printout time/Manual weight entry time as per In process checks and it should sign with date.

Ensure the balance calibration date and due date is recorded.

Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By, Done By and Checked By is completed.

Calculate the net weight of each container is written correct & yield reconciliation.

Check the checklist of required equipment & ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

In Coating Stage:

Check the QA person is signed on the ‘Release for Coating’.

Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

Ensure the date of ‘Compression’ should not be exceeds the hold time.

Ensure the actual parameters at ‘Preparation of Suspension’ stage.

Calculate the total net weight of coating suspension containers used for required quantity.

Ensure the calculation for average weight of core and coated tablets.

Ensure the calculation for spray rate of coating suspension & weight gain.

Calculate the net weight of each container is written correct.

Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By, Done By and Checked By is completed.

Reconciliation should be calculated as per particulars

Check the checklist of required equipment & ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

In Inspection Stage:

Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

Check the Line clearance is verified by QA.

Ensure the quantity of defected tablets/ capsules is as per quantity of each type of defective tablets/capsules observed.

Calculate the net weight of each container and total net weight is written correct.

Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By, Done By and Checked By is completed with balance calibration date

Reconciliation should be calculate as per particulars.

Check the checklist of required equipment and area is attached with BMR.

Check the ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

Check for manufacturing process, if any process history, deviation should be attached with BMR.

QA person should sign and date in ‘Manufacturing Deviations’ table provided in BMR if any.

Ensure the additional pages are attached in BMR.

Ensure the ‘Checked By- production’, Reviewed By- production’, Reviewed By- QA’ and ‘Approved By- QA’ is signed and dated.

Sample BMR

preparation of master formula record or master formula card

Master formula record (MFR) is a master document for any pharmaceutical product. It contains all information about the manufacturing process for the product. MFR is prepared by the research and development team of the company and all other documents like BMR and BPR are prepared using MFR by the manufacturing units.


AMFR should have following parts:


Product Details: First of all, on the first page following details about

the product is added. Name, logo and address of the manufacturing company

Dosage form name Brand name

Generic name

Product code

Label claim of all ingredients

Product description

Batch size

Pack size and packing style

Shelf life

Storage conditions

MFR number and date

Supersede MFR number and date

Effective batch number

Authorization by the production and quality assurance head


Flow Chart: Steps of the manufacturing process to be monitored. Flowchart of the material movement from dispensing to the final product to stores.

Equipment: Create a list of all required equipment and machines required in the manufacturing process with their capacity.

Special instructions: Write down the precautions special instructions to follow during the product manufacturing and packing and these should also be added in the batch manufacturing formula. Batch manufacturing formula should include the following.

Name of ingredients with test reference (As IP, BP, USP etc.)

Pharmaceutical Updates

Pin it

Quantity to be added 

Overages to be added (%)

Calculations: Include the calculation steps of all active materials to get the 100% of the active material. The calculation shall be done using water content or LOD to get 100% potency.

Manufacturing Process: Write all steps in all stages of the manufacturing process. All process steps like shifting, milling, mixing, lubricating, granulation, compression and coating should be written in detail including the process time and yield. Include atmospheric conditions as temperature, humidity, and storage conditions for every step.

 Sample MFR


3. SOP (standard operating produce)

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is a documentation that describes how to perform various routine operations. It contains a step-by-step instruction. 

In pharmacy settings various activities are performed every day, each task should be under a standardized process that everybody must follow. Personnel must submit themselves to these procedures to have organized and synchronicity in the work place. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has imposed it as a requirement to every pharmacy workplace to have and make its own SOP. They are requiring the following tasks of SOP - Product Complaints, Product Recalls, Procurement of Stocks, Good Dispensing Practice, Good Storage Practice, Cold Chain Management, Disposal of Expired, Damaged, Returned or Rejected Products. The pharmacist/s, individual who can knowledgeably review the procedures or somebody higher up in the hierarchy of the department are the ones who can create, review and approve the SOP. All businesses that fall under pharmacy, either manufacturing, distributing, trading, laboratories or drugstores are mandated to make their own SOP.

Areas covered SOPs include: 

1. SOP for Drug Lists 

2. SOP for Procurement of Medicines 

3. SOP for Receiving Drugs into Pharmacy 

4. SOP for Drug Storage 

5. SOP for Vaccine Storage 

6. SOP for Temperature Control 2 

7. SOP for Issue and Delivery of Drugs to Dispensary/Satellite Pharmacies/Wards /Other Units 

8. SOP for Dispensing /UDDS 

9. SOP for Patients Counseling 

10.SOP for Counseling of Handicapped Patients 

11.SOP for Compounding of Medicines 

12.SOP for Procurement, Dispensing and Distribution of Narcotic Drugs and Poisons. 

13.SOP for Disposal of Expired Drugs 

14.SOP for Clinical Ward Round 

15.SOP for Training of Intern Pharmacists 

16.SOP for Continuing Education 

17.SOP for Drug Revolving Fund (DRF) Scheme 

18.SOP for Drug Information Service (DIS)/Drug Information Center (DIC). 

19.SOP for Dress Code 

20.SOP for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) 

21.SOP for Screening Prescriptions 22.SOP for Preparing a Drug Formulary.

Sample of SOP

Company’s machineries


Filling machine: to fill liquid in the bottles. 16 bottles can filed at a same time with the help of this machine

 


Capping machine: it is used for capping the filled bottles.

 











Labeling machine: for labeling on the bottles and jars.


 


Taping machine: for scaling the cartoons.

Tableting machine: for make to shape of tablet.


 


Weight machine: for checking the weight of the tablet, bottle , jar.

Granulation machine: to make the powder of different tablets.

   

Tablet color coating machine: to make the different tablets in different color















              

Neocota machine:- to make tablet in lot of quantity in the same time


 

Dry machine: to dry tablets, capsules











Cadmill machine: -for making pieces to make tablets.









Grinding machine: - it’s used to convert in form powders into raw material.











Disintegrator machine: this machine used for able to usable of raw material.

 


Micropolitan machine: - for using to convert into micro powder

Sifter machine: - for using remove waste and unnecessary raw materials.

It’s work in layer wise.



 








Mass mixer: it’s used to mixer various types of raw material. 
















Tablet counting machine: - for counting of tablet and capsules.



 









Production Processes: -


Process of churna :-

Receiving of raw materials from the stores.

Feeding Raw materials into grinding machine.

Mixing of grind material.

Checking of finished product (Churna) in Q.C.  Department.

If the product approved by the Q.C.  department, product will send in packing department.

After packing of finished product, it will send for Dispatch


Flow chart of churna :-



 



PROCESS OF TABLETS :-  

Receiving of grinding materials.

Preparation of Genus

Send grimes in dryer.  

Mixing of lubricant in dry powder.  

Dry powder feed into compressor as per product cutting is done.  

Sela coting (Alcohol + gum powder) is done as per product required.  Sela coting is useful to product tablets from moisture.

Silver coting as done.  

Telecom coting is useful for making tablets smooth


FLOW CHART OF TABLET PROCESS :-













PROCESS OF SYRUP: 

Process of Syrup:-


Receiving of raw material from raw materials.

Raw materials are boiled.  

Boiled materials are mixed in machine.  

Mixed materials are boiled in machine.  

After mixing finish syrup will be ready.  

Finished products are sent in Q.C.  department.  

If Q.C, approved it, Syrup will send in packing department






FLOW CHART OF SYRUP :- 



   






                                                                                                                          





Maintenance Planning System :-


                    In Asia, they maintain machines monthly or yearly basis as per machine required Sometimes, they will maintain machine by preventive maintenance

 ● Workforce of maintenance department :-

 Workforce of department must be educated means they must have knowledge in machines. They must be skilled . In ASFA . There are twelve workers and two supervisors in maintenance department . They all are permanent a skilled . % of wastages : In Assfa , they reuse wastages in production . So , wastage is very less .

 ● IDLE TIME ( MEN & MACHINE ) :-

Generally men and machines will be idle at the time of Breakdown , power cut , etc. otherwise men and machine will be working 

● Pollution control :-

 ASFA manufacture Ayurvedic health care products . So , the pollution is very less in comparison of the other company . So , they does not require ant pollution control process . Duties of production manager : Mr. Viraj H Mistri at is a production manager in ASFA . 



















Chapter: 5

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT


 





Introduction 

 H R Management is that the part of management process, which concerned, with the human part of an organization and the relation between employers and employees. In ASFA personal manager in its real sense deals with planning, organizing, directing and control of personnel i.e. 

Planning the future requirement, selection, training and so on and rate of labour turnover.

Decide on the structure of the company by determining the cost of individual in managerial and operative work.

Issue instruction, develop communication network and integrate them. 

He controls the quality, time and performance of   workers.


Objective Personnel Management: -


The objectives of the H R management are as follows :-


                 To establish guidelines for Personnel and Administration department to work as per companies’ policy and maintain local regulations as applicable for the organization. To train personnel and evaluate performance for better working ethics.  To generate system for data collection, review and necessary actions.


Importance Of H.R. Manager:-


Importance of the H R manager is as follows: -


It enables to selection of suitable candidate for the post.

It provides workers skilled enough to their jib.

Works are delegated as per the proper rules established. 

It helps in maintaining healthy industrial relationship.

It increases productivity and reduce the production cost.     These all qualities play a very important role in the field of personnel manager.

                                                                                                                                                            

Function Of H.R. Management:

        There are some of the functions of H R management in ASFA, they are :- 

To recruit a person and to set the recruitment policies and systems. 

To plan manpower and to fulfill the requirement of manpower whenever required.

To train the manpower and employees of the company. 

To develop and identify the potential personnel for the specific job requirement. 

To recommend management on wages issue.


Recruitment   :- 

ADVERTISING: -

 Advertising in newspaper and periodicals play a very important role in requirement of management and technical personnel. In ASFA advertisement is mostly given in local newspaper like Gujarat Samachar, Gujarat Mitra, Economic Times and Mid-Day. 

LABOUR CONTRACTOR: -

 In Indian industries workers are recruited through contractors who are themselves the employees of this organization. In ASFA employees are provide by labour contractor who themselves are employees of the organization. Whenever labours are required on temporary basis labour contractor are contacted. 


Selection:- 

The selection process of a person in ASFA is as follows :-

STEP 1. 

           Firstly, the company gives advertisement in the local                                         

          newspaper for the required job.


STEP 2. 

          Then the applicant has to fill ZA16 Form.

 

STEP 3. 

         The ZA16 Form chooses some applicants and then the

         head of the company takes their interview.


STEP 4.

        Then the ZA16 Form and the details of the interview are

        send to the head office. 



STEP 5. 

        There the heads check the references and appoints the

        person for the relevant job for the temporary bases. 


STEP 6. 

        If the head office approves him then an appointment 

        letter mentioning the terms of the employment is send 

        to him.  


Traning :- 

 Training is the theoretical and practical education being imparted to the employees for getting proficiency in a particular field. After selection the employees are generally employed for the six-month probationary period during which they are given on the job training for managerial staff and goods manufacturing practice training and workers.


Company Provide Various Types Of Facility & Allowance :- 


The facilities to workers include house rent allowance, medical reimbursement, lunch subsidies , traveling concession, two pairs dresses every year, shoes every year, umbrella every two year and also attendance allowance. New residential quarters are being built to provide residential facilities for those staff members who reside outside Surat. The company also provides 20% bonus and productivity based bonus to all its workers once in a year. 


Working Environment :-


Working environment plays an important role in the company. The working environment in ASFA is always smooth and safe free from any kind of risk and hazards. Generally pharmaceutical company does not have any dangerous or heavy plant and machinery so in ASFA also has no much risk to the life and limb of its workers. The staff members and the workers are very much co-operative in nature. 


Incentives And Amenities :-


The company ASFA tries to provide maximum facilities to its workers. It includes house rent allowance., medical allowance, and educational facilities for their children, travelling allowance, land subsidies, and allowances in respect of electricity, water. Repairs and formation, leave concessions, family and personnel allowances, are provided to its managerial staff. The facilities to workers include house rent allowances, medical reimbursement, lunch subsidies, travelling concession, two pairs dresses every year, shoes every year, umbrella every two year and also attendance allowance. Workers are given one month free paying in their marriages or in their children marriages. Provident fund and pension as per pension scheme established in 1995 is provided to the entire employee. New residential quarters are being built to provide residential facilities for those staff members who reside outside Surat. The company also provide 20% bonus and productivity-based bonus to all its workers once in a year. 


Wage And Salary: -


Wages and salaries are that remuneration paid by the employers to its employees for the work done by them. ASFA wages are determined as per the minimum wages Act, 1948 and also by the special allowance Act, decide by the Gujarat Govt. and by mutual understanding between labor union and management. Special Allowance Act is revised after every first of October and April. Basic allowance is revised after every 5 to 10 years. Labour union settles wages with management every three years. Govt. labour officers inspect the company to check out wages are given as per the act decided by Govt. 


Salary Structure:-

 Salary structure in ASFA is as follows: 

POSTS SALARY ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF 15000-20000 OFFICIAL STAFF 4000 – 12000 WORKDERS 3000 – 5500.


Discipline: -


 In ASFA a good atmosphere with complete discipline is found. Discipline is must in ASFA for every personal i.e., form the top (officer) to bottom (workers). All those who goes against discipline are first warned then showcase notice or memo is provided.

















Chapter: 6

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

 





INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT


The scope of financial management, that is, the views about finance functions have undergone remarkable changes over time. Till 1950, finance function was regarded as the function only of raising finance for business, and sources of finance but now, an efficient and effective utilization of finance is also been considered as an important function of financial management.


Financial management means rising of adequate funds at the minimum cost and using them effectively in business. Financial management is concerned with the financial problems of business organization. It is concerned with the problems of rising finance for establish, expand and modernize business unit,


the problems of providing fixed and working capital, the problem of distribution of income etc.


Hoagland says, "Financial management is concemed mainly with such matters as, how a business corporation raises its finance and how it makes use of it".


REVENUE & CAPITAL BUDGETING


ASFA is a co-operative pharmacy and it is not work with object of earning profit. ASFA do not prepare revenue and capital budgets.


ASFA do not prepare revenue and capital budget but if ASFA prepare it than it is


useful to ASFA in following ways:


Revenue budgeting is beneficial as it encourages cost consciousness, ensuring discipline in operations, improvement in handling, improvement in handling, standardization of products, better analysis of financial statements, detection of deficiency areas, elimination of waste, fixing the responsibilities 


and creation of responsibilities, better co-ordination between the departments, periodic evolutions of plans, timely improvements in profit plans, etc.


ASFA do not prepare capital budgeting but it can prepare it by following the below mentioned steps:


Identifying the potential investment opportunities


Assembling of investment proposals


Decision making about selection of one proposal from various proposals


Implementation of one proposal


Performance review



COSTING METHODS


The methods to be used for the ascertainment of cost of production differ from industry to industry. It primarily depends upon the manufacturing process and also on the methods of measuring the departmental and finished products.


There are various methods of costing are as follows:


Job costing

Contract costing 

Batch costing

Process costing

One operation costing

Service costing

Multiple operations costing


ASFA use batch costing and multiple operation costing methods. ASFA use these methods because ASFA produce its products in batch and multiple operations are proceeding at a time in ASFA.


A batch may represent a number of small orders passed through the pharmacy in batch. Each batch is treated as a unit of cost and separately costed. The cost per unit is determined by dividing the cost of the batch by number of units produced in a batch.

Multiple operation method of manufacturing consists of a number of distinct operations. It refers a cost of converting the raw material into finished goods . Pharmacy also considers the rejections in each operation also for costing of products.


WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE

Asfa uses the sources for working capital are as follows

Long Term Sources of Working Capital

Equity shares

Preference shares

Long term loans


Short Term Sources of Working Capital

Short term loans

Bank overdraft

Trade credit

Commercial papers


MANAGEMENT OF RECEIVABLES

Receivables are assets accounts representing amount owed to the firm as a result of sale of goods in the ordinary courses of business.

Management of receivables is depending upon the credit policy of company. Asfa has the credit policy as under.

Asfa has too strict or too liberal credit policy

Asfa's credit standards are clearly specified in policy and strict for customers

Asfa give cash discount on bulky purchase

Asfa give goods only on one month credit period.

Asfa timely collect and get its receivables


MANAGEMENT OF INVENTORY

Inventory control means the decision of the firm as to the extent to which inventories can be economically stored."

Asfa's main objectives of inventory control are:

To maintain investment in inventory at the lowest level

To supply the products to its user as per their requirement at right time.

To keep inactive, waste, scrape and obsolete items at the minimum level.

To minimize holding, replacement and shortage cost of inventory at minimum level.

To maximize the efficiency in production.


MANAGEMENT OF CASH

Cash is the medium of exchange which allows management to carry on the various activities of the business on day to day basis.

Cash management involves the following four factors:

Ascertainment of the minimum cash balance and controlling the level of cash.

Controlling cash inflows.

Controlling cash outflows.

Optimum investment of surplus cash.


PREPARATION & ANALYSIS OF FUND FLOW STATEMENT


A fund flow statement provides information on how, during the reporting period, decisions relating to capital structure, dividend and investment in non current assets have changed the amount invested in working capital.


A fund flow statement presents sources and application of funds. Sources imply those movements in non current assets, non current liabilities and equity that increase the working capital. Applications imply those movements in non current assets, non current liabilities and equity that reduce the working capital.


Sources and Application of Fund

Sources:

Funds from business operations

Sales of non current assets

Issue of share capital

Long term borrowings

Total (1)


Applications:

(A) Purchase of non current assets

(B) Redemption of debentures

(C) Repayment of other long term liabilities

(D) Buy back of shares

(E) Redemption of preference shares

(F) Payment of income tax

(G) Distribution of cash dividend

Total (2)


Changes in working capital (1-2)


ACCOUNTING POLICIES


Accounting policies are defined as, "the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices adopted by an enterprise in preparing and presenting financial statements."


Accounting policies for various matters of Asfa are as follows:


Debit and Credit


Debit and credit are shown as on rules of accounting of debit an asset account increase by carrying amount and debit liability account decrease and credit as visa-versa.


Fixed Assets :-


All fixed assets are shown at actual cost and depreciation is less from it as per straight line   depreciation method.


Inventories


The stock of inventories such as finished, processed and raw material are valued by its cost or net realizable value.


General accounting


The accounts are prepared on historical cost basis and accounting principle of going concern concept.


DEPRICIATION :-


              Depreciation is the process of allocating the acquisition cost of the tangible asset less salvage value, if any, in a systematic and a rational manner, over the estimated useful life of the asset.

Asfa use two methods for calculate depreciation first is straight line method and second is written down value method.

            Depreciation on plant and machinery is provided on straight line method. Depreciation on other assets is provided on written down value method. The applicable rates are as specialized in schedule 14 of the act. Depreciation in respect to revalued assets is recouped from revaluation reserved.

          Depreciation in addition from fixed assets is provided on production data bases from/up to the date of such addition/deletion as the case may be. Depreciation in addition assets due to exchange variation, forward over premium changes etc. is provided over the remaining useful life the assets.


Financial statement  :- 

Trading account for the period ended on 31 march 2021 of ASFA

DR.                                                                                                                                               CR.       

Particular Amt (Rs) Amt(Rs) Particular Amt(Rs) Amt(Rs)

 To opening stock 26019576 By sales 66273095.11

To purchase  

raw material 22696132 Closing stock  

bottles 3246970.5 semi-finished goods 9076285  

packing materials 1384108 finished goods 9822143  

medicine process 303284.4 branches stock 2428409  

machinery spare-parts 167456.6 packing material 2079568 23406405

tax purchase 185663.52 28613614.88  

To purchase expanses  

freight 43324  

medicine process 3184668.3  

packing 10584.07  

sample 12919  

factory electricity 898340.59  

garden expense 203545  

boiler miniatous 455711  

scrape expense 1502 4810611.91  

To production expense  

medicine expense 5475503  

packing 660568  

laboratory 199491 6335562  

   

To profit and loss         (gross profit)  

23900135.32  

   

Total 89679500.11 Total 89679500.11



Profit and loss account for the period ending on 31 march 2021 of

ASFA

DR.                                                                                                                                              CR.                                                                                                                                      

particular Amt(Rs) Amt(Rs) Particular Amt(Rs) Amt(Rs)

To Office expense By trading A/C (gross profit) 23900135.32

salary and allowance 5508372 By income  

staff bounce 2561588 Dividend of Co. operative shares 147  

Staff LIC group gratuity 1452348 Loan interest 148758 148905

contribute in ESI fund 269432 Other income  

labour insurance 53163 stock difference recovering ac. 1600  

contribute in labour welfare fund 1662 Prandhanmantri PF pension 77234  

staff uniform 330908 discounts received 361.13  

contribute in PF fund 1332709 Interest on Income refund 3240 82435.13

Incharge allowance 58150  

holiday salary expense 646590  

staff life insurance 89295  

Awards expenses 535936  

other expense 505564 13345717  

To Administrative expense  

stationary-printing 324253.84  

advertisement expense 108848  

convey expense 8400  

office offset expense 275760  

postage 26616  

telephone 95240.07  

insurance expense 143012  

adoration expense 3992  

bank charges 7667.03  

miscellaneous expense 84299.45  

legal and license fee 51903  

testing expense 168084.1  

audit fees(internal and government) 200000  

vehicle repair expense 323680.64  

allowance 48135  

electric expense 77801.68  

commission expense 405661  

labour welfare activity 41766  

sales distribution expense 23109  

propaganda expense 126250  

Income tax 785530 3330008.81  

To vehicle maintenance  

EICHER 1050 505842.17  

honda activa 20421.24  

honda CD 110 4430  

Mahindra Alfa Champion 230155.95 760849.36  

other expense  

General meeting expense 24167  

rent 71376  

business taxes 7200  

amar chember maintenance 8000  

Devananda expense 10200  

ISO 9001 82210  

taxes 164837  

navagam administrative develop expense 11000  

ID card expense 220  

ayurvedic membership fee 7500  

RCM expense 7976  

Covid-19 relief fund 258348 653034  

Repair expense  

machinery repair 73117.03  

computer software 50613.73  

dead stock repair 136534.6  

building repair 1821000  

electric equipment service charges 162406.44  

computer maintenance 63800 2307471.82  

deprecation 1293981  

   

To balance sheet                (Net profit)  

2440413.39  

Total 24131475.45 Total 24131475.45






Balance sheet as at 31 march 2021 of ASFA

Equity-Liabilities Amt(Rs) Amt(Rs) Assets Amt(Rs) Amt (Rs)

 Share Deposit :- Immovable Assets  

A)Authorizedcapital  500000 as per annexure " k " attached 14980374 14980374.5

B) Paid up share capital 500000 500000 Movable Assets  

Fund and reserve :- as per annexure "D" attached  

 A) reserve fund 10640171 movable property 23408010 23408010.4

B) ADD + Member fee 590 Investment:-  

C) Share transfer fee 580 the sudiko bank ltd . 25000  

D) unpaid dividends 64th 31665 10673009.4 Surat central stores ltd . 400  

Depreciation fund :- su. G.sahkari kh.vepari sangh ltd. 600 26000

as per annexure " A " Attached 30652730 Debt:-  

Other fund:- eligible for recovery 938460.67  

as per annexure " b:1 " Attached 19878871 miscellaneous deposit 256343  

as per annexure " b:2 " Attached 3186300.6 23065171.8 rent deposit 10275  

Deposit:- l.i.c.g.g.s 12658138  

A) dealer deposit  1873500 advance income tax 1127780  

B) stockiest deposit 50000 1923500 c.s.t 1395.92  

Unpaid dividends:- fast tag deposit 525  

65th dividend 26550 c.g.s.t 82979.66  

66th dividend 36850 s.g.s.t 81090  

67th dividend 37230 100590 t.d.s. receivables account 10867 15167854.7

Debt and provision closing stock:-  

trade debt 2683276 as per certified list as on 31st 2021and at full price  

provident fund 218168 A) Raw materials 9076285  

prescribed commission reserved 7316 B) closed goods stock 9822143  

workers state insurance 36568 C) Branches closed goods stock 2428409  

staff bonus fund 2467412.9 packing materials 2079568 23406405

staff gratuity fund 13190758 Cash and bank balance  

sundry debts 355642.9 cash as per branch and head office books 56851  

income tax deduction 22281 the sudiko bank ltd. Surat current account 5857063.5  

contractor income tax account 12088 bank of India - Ahmedabad 538861.09  

salary reserve 11308 bank of Baroda - Surat 459579.09  

salary reserve march 2021 9304 19014154.2 Valsad district sahkari bank 349180.7  

  the suryoday sahkari bank ltd . Surat 279443.88  

income and expenditure account the sudiko bank ltd.  Call deposit 2660737  

  bank of baroda - vadodara 306683.47  

net profit brought in from profit loss 2440413.4 2440413.39 the sudiko bank ltd - kamrej branch 33133  

  axis bank - group gratuity account -52571628 563950  

  axis bank - 155017 185608.22  

  i.c.i.c.i bank 86019  

  i.c.i.c.i bank ahmedabad 3810 11380920.9

   

Total 88369565.4 Total 88369565.4


Ratio analysis:

Financial ratios are created with the use of numerical values taken from financial statements to gain meaningful information about a company. The numbers found on a company’s financial statements – balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement – are used to perform quantitative analysis and assess a company’s liquidity, leverage, growth, margins, profitability, rates of return, valuation, and more.

Types of Ratios

Liquidity ratios

Leverage ratios

Efficiency ratios

Profitability ratios

Market value ratios

Analysis of financial ratios serves two main purposes:

1. Track company performance

Determining individual financial ratios per period and tracking the change in their values over time is done to spot trends that may be developing in a company. For example, an increasing debt-to-asset ratio may indicate that a company is overburdened with debt and may eventually be facing default risk.

2. Make comparative judgments regarding company performance

Comparing financial ratios with that of major competitors is done to identify whether a company is performing better or worse than the industry average. For example, comparing the return on assets between companies helps an analyst or investor to determine which company is making the most efficient use of its assets.

Users of financial ratios include parties external and internal to the company:

External users: Financial analysts, retail investors, creditors, competitors, tax authorities, regulatory authorities, and industry observers

Internal users: Management team, employees, and owners


Liquidity Ratios

Liquidity ratios are financial ratios that measure a company’s ability to repay both short- and long-term obligations. Common liquidity ratios include the following:

The current ratio measures a company’s ability to pay off short-term liabilities with current assets:

Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities

For 2020-2021

Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities

=49955180.6/3073287.93

=16.25464

For 2019-2020

Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities =49955180.6/3073287.93=16.25464                                            

The cash ratio measures a company’s ability to pay off short-term liabilities with cash and cash equivalents:

Cash ratio = Cash and Cash equivalents / Current Liabilities

For 19-20

=9792834/6645590

=1.47:1

For 20-21

=11380920/3279368.03

=3.470:1


Leverage Financial Ratios

Leverage ratios measure the amount of capital that comes from debt. In other words, leverage financial ratios are used to evaluate a company’s debt levels. Common leverage ratios include the following:

The debt ratio measures the relative amount of a company’s assets that are provided from debt:

Debt ratio = Total liabilities / Total assets

For 19-20

=21457273.17/86363601.01

=0.2484

=24.84%

For 20-21

=19014154/88369565.40

=0.2151

=21.51%

The debt to equity ratio calculates the weight of total debt and financial liabilities against shareholders’ equity:

Debt to equity ratio = Total liabilities / Shareholder’s equity


For 19-20

=21457273/500000

=42.91%

For 20-21

=19014154/500000

=38.028%

Profitability Ratios

Profitability ratios measure a company’s ability to generate income relative to revenue, balance sheet assets, operating costs, and equity. Common profitability financial ratios include the following:

The gross margin ratio compares the gross profit of a company to its net sales to show how much profit a company makes after paying its cost of goods sold:

Gross margin ratio = Gross profit / Net sales

For 19-20

=19030989/52149742.63

=36.49%

For 20-21

=23900135.32/66273095

=0.36=36%







Chapter :- 7

Marketing department




INTRODUCTION MARKETING DEPARTMENT

The common usage of market means a place where goods are bought or sold. In its strict meaning market need not necessarily mean a place of exchange. Marketing: - Marketing is concerned with selling but now a day the concept has enlarged its meaning. We know that a product is provided with the aim of sale. The aim producer totally depends on marketing. Without marketing no unit can run. It covers marketing research, new product development and so many other important functions. " Marketing is the process of discovering and translating consumer needs and wants into product and service specifications, creating demand for these products and services and then in turn expanding this demand. "

ASFA is a co - operative pharmacy working with the objective of survives people . ASFA produces ayurvedic medicines. ASFA produces more than 288 types of products which other companies do not produce. ASFA sales its product in Gujarat and other nearer states and there are no other companies with so large production in Gujarat but then also ASFA have competition from the national and international companies like Zandu, Himalaya, Dabur, Baidyanath, Charak etc. and also from state level companies like Puja pharmacy, Gujarat Ayurved Vikas Mandal, Ban pharmacy etc. The key suppliers in Ayurveda are Dabur, Baidyanath, and Zandu, which together have about 85 % of India's domestic market . Dabur India Ltd. (1884) is India's largest Ayurvedic medicine supplier and the fourth largest producer of FMCG. Zandu (1919) focuses preliminary on ayurvedic medicines but it produces chemical and cosmetic products also. Himalaya is established in 1939 in Bangalore and has business about 500 million dollars. Vicco (1958) produces topical therapies based on Ayurveda and is best known internationally for its toothpaste product. ASFA has main competition from Baidyanath and Charak. Sri Baidyanath Ayurvedic Bhawan Ltd. was founded in 1917 in Calcutta, and specializes in Ayurvedic medicines. The company reports having over 700 Ayurvedic products, made at 10 manufacturing centers, with 1,600 employees. Charak Pharmaceuticals was founded in 1947, and currently has three distribution centers in India; it produces liquids, tablets, and veterinary supplies.

COMPARISON OF 4PS OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF ASFA WITH COMPATITORS

Marketing mix is the policy adopted by the manufacturers to get success in the field of marketing. Those days, when goods were matched with the market have gone. Marketing mix is the term used to describe the combination of 4 inputs which constitute the core of company's marketing system the product, the price structure, the promotional activities and the distribution (place) system. These are popularly known as, " 4ps “. A brief description of four elements of marketing mix of ASFA is:

Product A product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need. ASFA produce 288 medicines for its customer. Other companies do not have so large range of product width and length. ASFA use rarely found able herbs in its medicines which make difference from competitors. ASFA produce more qualitative products than the competitors. ASFA also research and produce new medicines and patent them . Such medicines like ASFA haemetone , Reducid , ASFAlax , Gasowin , ASFA - tone

 

Price The marked or announced amount of money asked from a buyer is known as basic price of a product . ASFA use value pricing method for its products . In this method, ASFA charging fairly low price for highly qualitative product, which its competitor cannot done . ASFA charged low price than its competitors because ASFA less expense in promotional activity and for distribution. ASFA charged low price because it is co - operative pharmacy and its main objective is provide medicines at fair price, not to earn profit . → Promotion Marketing communication consist of communication marketing activities through various forms of promotion that is personal selling , advertising . publicity and public relationship , sales promotion etc. together called promotion mix . ASFA does not do more expenditure for promotional activities like other companies . ASFA do zero level marketing than also ASFA easily sale its medicine and its dealer largely expand in all Gujarat. Place means the decision by which company transfers their product , location , inventory handling , warehousing , storage facility , transportation etc. ASFA has a big location for plant at bank of river tapi . ASFA is located near the nation high way so it can transport and get material easily . ASFA has own retail store in various cities so it can easily provide medicines to customers than its competitors . Competitors like Pooja , Zandu , Himalaya , Dabour etc. have not so widely develop distribution network in Gujarat .

INDUSTRIAL BUYING BEHAVIOUR

               The industrial or organization buyer decision making is a follow stage process. ASFA use this process are as under . 

1 ) Problem Recognition :

     The buying process begins with recognition with recognition of a problem or need . Something is needed that can be met by procurement of a product spare parts , material or plant and machinery or service . Externally , trade show or exhibition , Advertisement calls from sales representative may provide stimuli for need recognition . ASFA use internally and externally may provide stimuli for recognition 

2 ) General need description and product specification : 

     The ASFA determine the needed item general characteristics and required quantity . For standard items this is simple . For complex items the ASFA will work with other engineers , user to define characteristics such as reliability , durability or price . the ASFA organization now develops the item technical specifications . Often the company will assign a product value analysis ( PVA ) engineering team to project . PVA is the cost reduction approach by redesigning the component or by standardizing them .

 3 ) Search supplier : 

      The ASFA tries to search out supplier . Main source of the search vendor are trade directories internet trade advertisement visit industrial exhibition , phone to other company for recommendations . from various soures of buyer trues to identified the most appropriate from only a few prequalified vendors .

 4 ) Proposal solicitation and selection : 

      The ASFA next invites qualified supplier to submit proposals . If the item is complex or expensive the buyer will require a detailed written proposal from each qualified supplier

      Before selecting a supplier the buying center will specified desire supplier attributes and indicate threre relative importance . To rate and identified the most attractive supplier buying centers often use a supplier evaluation model . 

5 ) Order routine specification :

After selecting supplier the ASFA negotiates the final order listing the technical specification the quantity needed the expected time of delivery return policy warranties and so on . 

6 ) Performance review :  The ASFA periodically review the performance of the supplier .

PRODUCT MIX :- 

Product mix means , " The set of product offered for sale by a firm or a business unit is known as a product mix " .

 ASFA COMPANY PRODUCT MIX :- 

 ASFA Company produces 288 no of product . But some no of product I include in diagram .


There are three important aspect of product mix ( 1 ) width , ( 2 ) depth , ( 3 ) consistency . 

( 1 ) Width of the product mix is concerned with the number of product lines marketed by the company . 

( 2 ) The depth of the product mix depends on the average number of product items included in the product lines .

 ( 3 ) The consistency of the product mix indicates how far or to what extent the product lines are interconnected with each other from the view point of their final use or production requirements or channel of distribution . 

Packaging & labeling :-

 ( 1 ) Packaging – 

         packaging is meant for the protection and maintenance of the quality of the product . It serves the purpose of container and wrapper ; however , it is the powerful tool of promotion at point of purchase . Attractive packaging and labeling increases sales without spending much on advertisement .

        ASFA company produce 288 types of product and use the 288 types of packaging . Overall 6 types of machine available at ASFA for packaging . 

( 2 ) Labeling – 

        labeling is connected with brand and packaging . Label is a strip on the container or packaging on which certain instruction . ASFA company give instruction to consumer that how use the product and price of the product , date of the manufacturing etc.


Pricing strategies 

            The marked or announced amount of money asked from a buyer is known as basic price - value placed on a product . Price is the one element of the marketing mix that produces revenue . Prices are the easiest marketing mix element to adjust ; product features , channels , and even promotion take more time . 

           There can be competition between price - quality segments . The below diagram shows nine price - quality strategies .





ASFA has super - value strategy for its products . ASFA provides medicines at low price with high quality . 

ASFA set price for its products by taking care of the below matters . 

➡ ASFA set price with considering its objective of provide medicines at fairly price with good quality .

ASFA decides price after the production is over so it estimate cost of production and other expenditure and divide it by number of products and add some more for setting price .

 ➡ ASFA Also considered the price of competitors and try to set less price than competitors . 

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK  :-

       Distribution network can be define as a set of interdependent institutions participating in the marketing activities involved in the flow of goods and services from manufacturer to customer .

       ASFA have well developed distribution network for marketing activities . ASFA have 78 dealers for selling its medicines . ASFA have own distribution network . ASFA sell its medicines by own stores and these stores are created in whole Gujarat state such as in Surat , Ahmedabad , Ankles war , Anand , Navsari , Vadodara and in many other cities of Gujarat .

      ASFA use zero level and one level channel for distribution . ASFA provide medicines to its retail store as per their requirement and that stores sales . medicines direct to customers so customer get medicines in less price than competitors . ASFA have also a store at outside the pharmacy from where anyone can get medicines easily .

SALES PROCEDURE :-

The steps of sales procedure of ASFA are as follows . 

1. First step is to get raw - material and send in production department for process .

 2. Production department prepare finished product , packed and after testing send it to dispatch department . 

3. Dispatch department receives the order from ASFA's stores .

 4. According to order dispatch department send the medicines to various store by pharmacy's own vehicle .

 5. Retail stores send the material receipt note .

 6. Retail stores are selling that medicines to customers and send the copy of bills of selling medicines with payment .

 7. ASFA receive copy of bills and note in sales documents and collect payment .

8. If any dealer or customer has complaint against medicines than ASFA takes their complaint and take corrective actions for that . 


UNIQUE FEATURES OF ASFA'S PRODUCTS :-

ASFA produce 288 medicines or many other products . ASFA produce medicines in various categories like asav , aristas , syrups , churns , avlehas etc. and all of them have different unique features but ASFA products main feature is " Better Quality in Lower Price " .

We have a variety of asavs and aristas that are prepared on the time tested principle of ayurveda . Our products in asavs and aristas are of high medicinal value      that of others .

ASFAs syrups are meant for overall growth , stimulated appetite , correct digestive system and cough & respiration disorders . 

ASFA have prepared a variety of churns through constant research and experiments and that have been highly effective to cure digestive problems , skin digests , joint pain , cold & cough and many others . 

ASFA's avlehas are prepared from the herbs which rare to found which wasn't made by others . These avlehas are costly because of special herbs are used for it .

ASFA use some time the ancient recipes for prepare medicines. ASFA have alsopatent right of some medicines which are made by scientist of ASFAs laboratory.








Chapter :- 8 

QUALITY CONTROL

 





INTRODUCTION 

     Quality is measure of characteristic of a product or service which impart it functional or aesthetic value so as to satisfy the needs of and users for a given price paid by them . Quality control is a system of policies, procedures and guidelines which established and maintained the specifies standard of quality . It includes all aspects of quality such as research and development , design parameters , inspection , measurement and analysis of current quality levels , future trends and also competitor's quality level , feedback from field performance of quality , choice of machines , tools , processes etc. , selection and training of production and inspection staff , corrective actions and follow up etc.

ASFA's objective of quality control 

ASFA's main objective is to produce cost effective quality ayurvedic medicine . The other objectives are as follows :

To give qualitative products to customers . 

To see whether the medicines are confirms to pre - determine standers .

To reduce wastage . 

To develop quality consciousness . 

To assess the quality .


QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM IN ASFA 

ASFA checks the quality of all three type of product , raw - material , in process goods and finished product . 

Raw -material :-

In this stage , raw materials are being checked and compare with specified quality or order placed . In quality control laboratory they check the quality of raw material , ratio of water and solid material etc. If quality of raw material is not satisfactory , goods will be rejected . If acceptable report is send to store department . 


In process goods :- 

         ASFA also check the quality of goods during the process of production so is there any problem in quality while processing , it can remove by taking corrective actions and make qualitative medicines for customers . These types of checking record are kept in " standard verification " .

Finished Product :-

        When product are finished its process then from them some samples are send to quality control department for quality checking and if quality is accepted then only finished product give to packing department for packing and labeling . The document is used to keep these types of records is called " Finished product report " .

        In ASFA , there is systematic and scientific approaches for quality control they follow some standardize rules and regulation for quality control . ASFA check quality of Raw material , In process goods and Finished product .

       For raw material they check the quality of item of various levels such as scientific name , family , description ( macro and micro scope ) . 

After checking the items at micro and macro level then they check its identity . 

By purity :-

Foreign matter 

Total ash 

Acid By strength 

Alcohols

Water 

For In process goods and finish product they check integration of various item checks that quality of product will much with company standard .

DOCUMENTS RELATED TO QUALITY CONTROL 

1. Chemical list 

2. Instrument list

3. Reference book list 

4. S.O.P. ( Standard Operating Process ) 

5. M.F.C. ( Master Formula Card ) 

6. Calibration report 

7. Test reports

Finished product report 

Raw material report

Packing material report 

In process report

Re - test report

R.M. order sample record

Stability study report 

8. House kipping record 

9. Complain record ( outside ) 

10. Prepare solution record 

11. In - ward , out - ward registered 

12. B.M.R. issue registered 

13. Suggestion record 

14. Release order record 

15. Out si de testing record 

16. Q.S.P. ( Quality System Procedures ) 

17. Q.A.M. ( Quality Manual )

18. Date stock registered

 

CONCLUSION

The Asfa Pharmacy completed 73 years . During these periods Pharmacy achieve many progressive stages . This Pharmacy has a head office and other five branches . At this way its branches are spreading in different area of all Gujarat state . From the study of last 2 years Pharmacy's financial report , we can say that rate of progress of Pharmacy is very good . Asfa is co - operative pharmacy and since its establishment it is never done loss but Asfa sale its medicines at low price so that its profit is less compare to other Pharmacies . Pharmacy's Sales and Profit is decrease in current year to compare past years . For the duration of our training in Asfa , we found that the workers and managerial staff are good and the management of all departments is efficient . Workers are fully satisfied with their work . This Pharmacy's aim is not only do profit but also work for employee welfare and societal welfare .









Bibliography

https://www.medindia.net/ayurveda/index.asp:-https://www.nhp.gov.in/origin-of-ayurveda_mtl

http://swamiasfa.com/


Reference

Philip Kotler :- Marketing Management (2012)

Taylor :- Production Management (2011)

T.J. Rana :- Management Accounting (2016)

Gary Dessler :- Human Resource Management (2020)

Chapter:1

The History of Ayurveda:

                         The science of life, prevention and longevity is the oldest and most holistic medical system available on the planet today. It was placed in written form over 5,000 years ago in India, it was said to be a world medicine dealing with both body and the spirit. Before the advent of writing, the ancient wisdom of this healing system was a part of the spiritual tradition of the Sanatana Dharma (Universal Religion), or Vedic Religion. VedaVyasa , the famous sage, Shakta Esha avatar of Vishnu , put into writing the complete knowledge of Ayurveda , along with the more directly spiritual insights of self-realization into a body of scriptural literature called the Vedas and the Vedic literatures . There are two mains re - organizers of Ayurveda whose works are still existing today - Charak and Sushrut. The third major treatise is called the Ashtanga Hridaya, which is a concise version of the works of Charak and Sushrut . Thus the three main Ayurvedic texts that are still used today are the Charak Samhita (compilation of the oldest book Atreya Samhita ) , Sushrut Samhita and the Ashtangha Hridaya Samhita . These books are believed to be over 1,200 years old . It is because these texts still contain the original and complete knowledge of this Ayurvedic world medicine , that Ayurveda is known today as the only complete medical system still in existence . Other forms of medicine from various cultures , although parallel are missing parts of the original information .  

 

1.1         Introduction Of Ayurveda:

         Ayurveda is a holistic system of medicine from India that uses a constitutional model . Its aim is to provide guidance regarding food and lifestyle so that healthy people can stay healthy and folks with health challenges can improve their health .

 

 There are several aspects to Ayurveda that are quite unique:

·       Its recommendations will often be different for each person regarding which foods and which lifestyle they should follow in order to be completely healthy . This is due to its use of a constitutional model .

·       Everything in Ayurveda is validated by observation , inquiry , direct examination and knowledge derived from the ancient texts .

·        It understands that there are energetic forces that influence nature and human beings . These forces are called the Tridoshas .

·        Because Ayurveda sees a strong connection between the mind and the body , a huge amount of information is available regarding this relationship .

 

1.2         Theory of Tridosha

                  Ayurvedic practitioners take into consideration the body constitution of a patient before prescribing any medicine , for the medicine , which suits a vatiya ( vata ) constitution , will not help a patient having shleshmic ( kapha ) constitution . Tridosha - its types and correlation with Panchmahabhoota

Ø  VATA :-

      Organ in which situated Dominant Mahabhoota

      Prana Murdha ( palate ) jala

      Samana Koshtha ( stomach ) Agni

     Vyana Sarva sharer ( whole body ) vayu

     Apana Muladhara ( genitourinary tract ) Prithvi

     Udana Urh Pradesh ( chest ) akasha

 

Ø  PITTA  :-

    Aalochak Netra ( eye ) Agni

    Sadhak Hridaya ( heart ) aakash

    Pachak Koshtha ( stomach ) prithvi

    Ranjak Yakrit , pleeha ( liver , spleen ) jala

    Bhrajak Tvak ( skin ) vayu

 

Ø  KAPHA :-

   Bodhak Jivha ( tongue ) Agni

   Kledak Amashaya ( stomach ) jala

   Avlambak Hridaya ( heart ) prithvi

   Tarpak Indriya ( sense organs ) akasha

   Shleshak Sand ( joints ) vayu

 

1.3           Principal of Ayurveda:-

            According to ayurvedic philosophy an individual bundle of ` spirit ' , desirous of expressing itself , uses subjective consciousness or Satwa to manifest sense organs and a mind . Spirit and mind then project themselves into a physical body , created from the five ( Pancha ) great ( maha ) eternal elements ( bhutas ) - together called the Panchamahabhutas - which arise from Tamas . The sense organs then using Rajas to project from the body into the external world to experience their objects . The body becoming the mind's vehicle , its physical instrument for sense gratification . The Bhutas combine into " Tridoshas " or bioenergetics forces that govern and determine our health or physical condition . While the three gunas ( Rajas or activity , Tamas or inertia and Satwa , which balances the first two ) or psychic forces determine our mental and spiritual health . Ayurveda is thus a holistic system of health care that teaches us to balance these energies in order to achieve optimum health and well being 

            According to Ayurveda everything in life is composed of the Panchamahabhutas - Akash ( Space ) , Vayu ( Air ) , Jal ( Water ) , Agni ( Fire ) and Prithvi ( Earth ) . Omnipresent , they are mixed in an infinite variety of relative proportions such that each form of matter is distinctly unique . Although each element has a range of attributes , only some get evident in particular situations . Constantly changing and interacting with each other , they create a situation of dynamic flux that keeps the world going .

            Within a simple , single living cell for example the earth element predominates by giving structure to the cell . The water element is present in the cytoplasm or the liquid within the cell membrane . The fire element regulates the metabolic processes regulating the cell . While the air element predominates the gases therein . The space occupied by the cell denoting the last of the elements .

       In the case of a complex , multi - cellular organism as a human being for instance , akash corresponds to spaces within the body ( mouth , nostrils , abdomen etc. ) ; vayu denotes the movement ( essentially muscular ) ; agni controls the functioning of enzymes ( intelligence , digestive system , metabolism ) ; jal is in all body fluids ( as plasma , saliva , digestive juices ) ; and prithvi manifests itself in the solid structure of the body ( bones , teeth , flesh , hair et al

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter:2

Ayurvedic Pharma Industry in India

 

                Ayurvedic medicines are produced by several thousand companies in India , but most of them are quite small , including numerous neighborhood pharmacies that compound ingredients to make their own remedies . It is estimated that the total value of products from the entire Ayurvedic production in India is on the order of one billion dollars ( U.S. ) . The industry has been dominated by less than a dozen major companies for decades , joined recently by a few others that have followed their lead , so that there are today 30 companies doing a million dollars or more per year in business to meet the growing demand for Ayurvedic medicine . The products of these companies are included within the broad category of " fast moving consumer goods " ( FMCG ; which mainly involves foods , beverages , toiletries , cigarettes , etc. ) . Most of the larger Ayurvedic medicine suppliers provide materials other than Ayurvedic internal medicines , particularly in the areas of foods and toiletries ( soap , toothpaste , shampoo , etc. ) , where there may be some overlap with Ayurveda , such as having traditional herbal ingredients in the composition of toiletries .

              The key suppliers in Ayurveda are Dabur , Baidyanath , and Zandu , which together have about 85 % of India's domestic market . These and a handful of other companies are mentioned repeatedly by various writers about the Ayurvedic business in India ; a brief description is provided for them , arranged here from oldest to newest .

2.1         STATUS OF AYURVEDA IN INDIA :-

            The Indian government and non - government organizations have been collecting statistics on the Ayurvedic system in India and these data about the manpower and institutional aspects of Ayurveda have emerged

§  Number of registered medical practitioners : 366,812

§  Number of dispensaries : 22,100

§  Number of hospitals : 2,189

§  Number of hospital beds : 33,145

§  Number of teaching institutions ( undergraduate ) : 187

§  Number of upgraded postgraduate departments : 51

§  Number of specialties in postgraduate medical training : 16

§  Number of pharmacies manufacturing Ayurvedic medicines: 8,400

             In India, 60 % of registered physicians are involved in non - allopathic systems of medicine. In addition to the nearly 400,000 Ayurvedic practitioners, there are over 170,000 homeopathic physicians; India has about 500,000 medical doctors (similar to the number in the U.S. , but serving nearly 4 times as many people ) . Reliance on Ayurvedic medicine is heavy in certain regions of India , such as Kerala in the Southwest . Many Ayurvedic practitioners in small villages are not registered . One of the famous clinics of India is described in Appendix 2 and a new clinic complex is serving visitors from abroad is mentioned in Appendix 3 .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Chapter:3

Introduction to Company

Shree Swami Atmanand Saraswati Ayu. Co-op Pharmacy ltd.(ASFA) was founded in 1949 by Swami Atmanand Saraswati Maharaj. It is commonly referred to as "ASFA". ASFA is a company that makes Ayurvedic medicines and herbal products. Asafa is about 310 different types of Ayurvedic. Asafa has mainly two branches in Surat where medicines are produce at 1)Navagam.2)Varachha.

Navagam branch makes a variety of powders and tablets And in varachha branch, churna and tablets and many other medicines are made. This organization is used to create an item using cost efficient and modern technology so that customers can achieve satisfaction with the item.

 

3.1         History and business overview of ASFA

·       History

Shree Atmanand Saraswati Swami Maharaj was the Holy saint from Varanasi came to Surat and along with delivering religious discourses on 'Gita' in the year of 1925, He started teachings of the ashram to the students and later on, started teaching Ayurveda and started preparing Ayurvedic medicine for the needy and poor patients.

·       Business overview

§  This factory having GMP Standard and iso mark ISO 9001-2008 It has about 5 corers turn over per year.

§  ASFA has got about 100 employees well trained and experienced for Manufacturing with latest Machinery and expert administrative wing.

§  They are using latest technology and have well equip. Also laboratory and QC department.

§  They have own shops two at surat,1 at each Valsad, Baroda, Ahemdabad, Bardoli, Bharuch.

§  The firm is selling through dealers and own branch network. (Manufacture to wholesaler to retailer to consumer).

§  The firm is manufacturing wide range of Ayurvedic medicine like that Churn, Vati, Pills, Tablets, Syrup, Asav, Ghrit, Tail, Avleh, Sarbat, Bhasma many authors.

§  The entire Activities of ASFA is controlled and governed by board of directors, elected amongst 4500 Shareholders.

 

3.2         Location of Factory and Branches

v Factory of ASFA: -

1.     Near Panini taki,

 Varachha road,

 Surat-395006

Phone no. (0261-648092, 644410)

2.     17, 18, Navagam Udhyognagar Co-operative Sangh

 Navagam,

 District: Kamrej,

 Surat , Phone no: (02621-25244

 

v Branches:

1.     Near Bank of Baroda,

Chouta pool,

Surat,

Phone no: 0261-426413

 

2.     Ayurvedic Hospital Compound,

 Station road,

 Surat.

 

3.     Dhanasutar Ni Poll,

Relief road ,

 Ahemadabad.

 

4.     Balavant Building,

Kharivav road,

 Baroda.

 

5.     8, Navrang Shopping Center,

 Panch Bati,

 Bharuch.

 

6.     3, Amar Chambers,

Near the lal school,

Valsad.

 

7.     Hirachand Nagar,

 Station road,

Bardoly.

 

3.3         Vision of ASFA

§  This company is only limited in Gujarat but now it went to expand their business and introduce its product in new state.

§  To increase the quality of their product

§  Change packaging style and use new and attractive style of packaging

§  Use modern technique of production and expand their capacity

§  Introduce cosmetics product of ASFA in the market

3.4        
Organization Structure of AFSA

 

3.5         Board Of directors Names:

 

NO

NAMES OF MEMBERS OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE

ATTENDANCE

PHONE

NUMBER

1

Dr. Navinchandra B. Patel - (Mr. Prasident)

7

9825766389

2

Shree Arvindbhai M. Patel                - (Vice prasident)

7

9726151717

3

Dr . Purushottambhai p. Mishri        - (Hon’ble minister)

5

9426836736

4

Dr. Kanubhai G. Mavani

5

9825144801

5

Dr. Bakimchandra R. Thakar

2

9825770435

6

Shree Pragneshbhai I. Desai

7

9904027000

7

Dr . Nanubhai D. Harkhani

7

9825430222

8

Shree Nitinchandra P. Maheta

2

9825477927

9

Mrs Dr. Jayanaben bharatbhai bhakt 

6

9824372072

10

Mrs Charulataben R. Patel

2

987930367

11

Shree Purushottambhai N. Patel

4

9512590000

12

Shree Ajaykumar jashavantlal Choksi

5

9428872727

13

Dr . Pradipbhai  J. Suryvanshi -( representative of ashram sabha)

6

9898882473

14

Dr . Ishwarbhai  K. Patel  - ( representative of ashram sabha)

6

9825261157

15

Shree  Sandipbhai  J. Desai  - ( representative of surat dis .co.) Bank

Nil

9825011120

16

Shree magistrate register representative                                             

Nil

2665051

 

3.6         List of dealers

There are 79 dealers of ASFA in whole Gujarat. Here represents only name of cities in which ASFA has dealers.

Name of city

Number of Traders

Name of city

Number of Traders

Ahmadabad

9

Rajpipala

2

Rajpipala

2

Amod

1

Surendranagar

2

Mahuva

1

Vyara

2

Vapi

1

Bharuch

2

Bilimora

4

Vadodara

4

Bardoli

2

Vidhyanagar

2

Godhara

2

Gandevi

1

Gandhinagar

2

Junagarh

2

Kathor

1

Kapadvanj

1

Mumbai

3

Mandavi

1

Amran

1

Naari

4

Porbandar

1

Surat

14

Chikhali

2

Viramgam

1

Bilimora

4

 

3.7         Products Of ASFA

Aabha gugal

Aamlak churna

Aamrakshashi vati

Aarogyavardhani no-1

Aarogyavardhani ras no-2

Abhaya churan

Abhaya tablet

Abhayarisht

Abhrak bhasma sahastraputi

Abhrak bhasma satputi

Abhrakbhasma nishchandra

Agnikumar ras

Agnitundi vati

Ajmodadi churna

Akik bhasma

Amruta churan

Anandbhairav ras

Anantmool churna

Arjuna churna

Arjunarishta

Arshoghni vati

ASFA balm

ASFA cough syrup

ASFA enzyme

ASFA harde tablet

ASFA himetone

ASFA lex

ASFA nindrodaya tablet

ASFA ojas tablet

ASFA ton

Ashok churna

Ashokarisht

Ashthi sandhanak lape

Ashwagandha churna

Ashwagandha tablet

Ashwagandhadi churna

Ashwagandharisht

Ashwakanchuki Ras

Avipatikar Churna

Avipatikar tablet

Ayurvedic dant manjan

Bal chaturbhadra churna

Bal chaturbhadra syrup

Bala taila

Balrakshak gutika

Balrakshak sogathi

Banfasa

Bang bhasma

Bel garbh (bilva churna)

Bhallatak dantmanjan

Bhrungraj hair oil

Birhad gangadhar churna

Bol parpati

Bola vati tablet

Brahmi churna

Brahmi ghrut

Brahmi hair oil

Brahmi vati sp.

Bruhat vasant kusumakar ras

Chandanasava

Chandrakala ras (sado)

Chandrakala ras (with mukta)

Chandramrut ras

Chandramruta vati tablet

Chandraprabhavati no-1

Chandraprabhavati special tablet

Chhagladi ghrut

Chhardiripu vati

Chincha bhallatak vati

Chintamani ras

Chitrakadi vati

Chitrakmool churna

 

 

 

Darajno malam chitrakmool churna

Choshatha prahari piper

Chyavanprashavaleh

Cinchona bark churna

Cinchona bark tablet

Dantodbhav gadantak ras

Darajni sogthi

Darajno malam

Dashang lep

Dashmul kwath (coarse powder)

Dashmularist

Davanal churna

Devdarvadi kwath (coarse powder)

Devdarvadi kwatha (liquid)

Dhatri Nisha

Dhatri rasayan spe.

Dindayal churna

Doshagana lep

Drakshasav

Dwatridashang Kwath (Coarse Powder)

Dwatridashang Kwatha (Liquid)

Ekangvir ras

Gairik churna vishista

Gairika churna

Gandhak rasayan

Gandhak vati

Garbhapal ras

Gasovin tablet

Godanti bhasma

Godanti pushpa churna

Gokshur churna

Gokshuradi gugal

Gokshuradi gugal

Granthik churna

Gulkand special

Hajarul yahud bhasma

Hingul pisti

Hingvastak churna

Ichhabhedi ras no-1

Indrajav

Irimedadi Taila

Jahar Mohra Pishti

Jatyadi taila

Jawahar mohara ras

Jiralu

Jirkadi vati

 

Jivitprada vatee teblet

Jwarari pills

Jwardhni gutika

Kalyan vatak

Kamdudha ras (with mukta)

Kampilak churna

Kanchnar gugal

Kantakaryavaleh

Kantkari Lavankshar

Kanyalohadi Gutika

Kariyatu churna

Karpadika bhasma

Rasayan churna

Karpura ras

Katuki churna

Reducid tablet

Kavachbeej churna

Khadiradi ghrut

Samsamani vati no 1

Khadiradi vati

Kishor gugal

Sankh bhasma

Kravyad ras (laghu)

Krumimudgar ras

Saptamrutyog tablet

Kuberax churna

Kushthhar sogthi

Sarjak kshar

Kustha churna

Kutjarishta

Saubhagya pushpa churna

Laghu yograj gugal

Laksha churna

Shankhavali churna

Lavan bhaskar churna

Lodhra curna

Shatpatryadi churna

Loha bhasma

Lohasav

Shiva tablet

Madhunashinyadi churna

Mahalaxadi taila

Shukti bhasma

Mahamanjistadi ghan tablet

Mahanarayana taila

Sindoradi malam

Mahanarayana taila sp.

Maharasnadi kwath (powder)

Sitopaladi tablet

Maharasnadi kwatha (liquid)

Mahasudrarshan churna

Somkalpa churn

Mahasudrarshan tablet

Makardhwaja dwigun

Sootshekhar ras (without gold)

 

Powder

Suwarna makshik bhasma

Makardhwaja vati patent

Makardhwaja vati shataguna

Swadisth pachan churna

Makardhwaja vati special

Mandur bhasma

Thandai

Mandur vati

Manjistadi churna

Tribhuvankirti rasa

Manikya rasadi gutika

Mochras

Trifala gugal

Mukta pishti

Narayan taila

Trivrut churna

Navayas loh

Panchamrut parpati

Vacha churna

Panchgun taila

Panchtikta ghrut

Vasavaleha

Pardadi malam

Pathyadi gugal

Vidarikand churna

Pathyadi kwath (coarse powder)

Patoladi kwath (coarse powder)

Yashad bhasma

Phal ghrut

Pradrantac loha

Raupya bhasma

Praval bhasma

Prosteton

Samirpannag ras

Punarnava churna

Punarnavadi kwath (coarse powder)

Sandhivathar vati

Punarnavarisht

Pushyanug Churna

Saptamrut loha

Puskarmul churna

Ras sindoor

Sarasvat churn

Trikatu churna

Sitopaladi churn

Satavari churna

Vaat chintamani ras (bruhat)

Smruti rasayan churna

Shadshiti guggulu

Churna

Sootshekhar ras (with gold)

Shankhvatee bruhat

Vidang Churna

Suvarn vasant malti bruhat

Shiva churna

Vishwabhesaj churna

Swadist virechan churn

Shrung bhasma

Yastimadhu vati

Tamra bhasma

Shwaskuthar ras

Trifala ghrit

Tribhuvankirti Mishran

 

                                                                                                                                          

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter: 4

Production department

 

 

 

 

 

 

           Production is the process of converting the raw materials and other inputs into the products for further production or the finished goods or services so that the utility of inputs is created or enhanced and the needs of the consumers are satisfied. That is consumer goods, industrial goods, services of transport, medical treatment, education, banking , post and telegraphs , insurance etc. so in simple meaning the management of the production process is called as production management . Production management means creating and maintaining an environment in which individuals working together in groups willingly contribute their best to produce the specified goods and services by optimum utilization of raw materials and other inputs so as to timely satisfy the needs of the customers. Good Production management is essential for every organization and it is important in following ways,

Ø  It helps to satisfy the need of customer timely.

Ø  It increases the productivity of organization.

Ø  It gives better satisfaction to the employees.

Ø  It satisfies the investors by increasing return on investment and capital appreciation.

Ø  It satisfies the community by welfare and development activities.

Ø  It satisfies the suppliers.

Ø  It benefits to whole nation.

 

4.1         Organization Structure of Production department of “ ASFA ”

4.2         Raw material section

                                A variety of herbal items such as amla, aritha, neem, aloe vera, Elaichi, tulsi are commonly used for raw materials

 

v Planning of raw material:

                                    Production Department Depending on the demand, the estimated raw material’s samples and catalog are demanded from various traders which good sample and low-price list is selected. Then the raw material is ordered to the selected trader.  The sample of the trader is forwarded to the QC department for analysis. Then received raw materials are compared to the sample given by the trader. the company is divided into three sections for raw material planning.

(Generally, A sample of traders is also called as standard sample)

 

      i.          Under test section: -

Ø  Raw material from merchant is kept at this place.          

Ø  That raw material which has not been tested yet are placed on yellow line.          

Ø  Raw material placed on yellow line are sent to QC department.

 

    ii.          Approval section: -

Ø  If the Raw materials are accepted by Qc department, then it is arranged in Approval section.

Ø  It is placed on the green line; the raw materials are cleared after receiving approval.

 

 

  iii.          Rejection Section: -

§  If the Raw material received from the merchant are rejected by the QC department, the Raw material are returned to the merchant with the red line symbol.

 

 

 

4.3         Storage of raw material:

§  The organization mainly keeps two ben type of storages

 

         

 

 

1.    For herbal materials:

      i.          Botanical Material section: In this, goods like leaves, dry fruits, roots, flowers, fruits, trunks are stored.

    ii.          Minerals section: in this section, Substance like that iron, copper, Calcium, Manganese, Sodium, gold etc. are kept to stored

  iii.          Volatile oils: The oils obtained by botanical are called volatile oil. It’s also called as essential oil. Volatile or essential oils are hydrocarbons extracted from plant sources and used in aromatherapy, applied topically or ingested as an herbal preparation. Most cause central nervous system stimulation or depression if systemically absorbed. They can also be potent sensitizing agents resulting in allergic dermatitis.

§  Birch oil, camphor, cinnamon, clove oil, eucalyptus oil, elemicin and myristicin(nutmeg), menthol, melaleuca (tea tree) oil, pennyroyal oil, turpentine oil, wintergreen oil and any Another 87 different flower and tree’s oils are stored.

iv.           Storage for gum, resin and any other similar items.

  v.          Animal material storage: in this storage, Oysters, shells, horns, etc. are stored.

 

2.     Ingredients materials: When another medicine or medical drugs is used to make one medicine, such a medicine or medical drugs is stored in this place.

 

4.4         Essential document for raw materials:

1.     inward register

2.     outward register

3.     Waste Sheet: prepare for defective goods

4.     Vepari ghatt patrak (traders Thick Sheet): Such a sheet is prepared when the goods received from the merchant are less.

5.     Pek daagina patrak: such a sheet is prepared when the goods are decrease from storage.

 

4.5         INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

 

    ABC ANALYSIS OF   INVENTORY: -

                           The number of items of inventory in a Zandu runs into hundreds. From the point of view of controlling. it becomes extremely difficult to monitor each one of these items. ABC Analysis suggests to keep a close watch over items which account for a high percentage of the value of annual usage of all items of inventory.

 

According to this system various items of inventory are grouped into three distinct categories.                          

           A item: - The A category items are those in which it has largest rupee investment but which consist of number of items. These must be under the tightest control These are most costly items of inventory.

           B items: - B items are between A and C. they require less monitoring than A but more then.

           C items: - The C group typically consists of a large number of items according for a small rupee investment. These items do not require any special attention and control .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

·      Inventory control of zandu product :-

§  Cost wise contribution of items in zandu

Class

Raw material

Products

A

Micro hared wax

Petroleum jelly

Menthol

Amla, baheda,sema

Harde,saunt

Saffron

Balm

Honey

Pancharistha

Kesari jivan

Chyanprash

 

B

Drakes

Shatavari

Guggul

Mah Sudersan Churna

Nityam Churna Trifala Churna Tablets

C

Mari

Chandan

Taj

Elchi

Ajmo

Ardusi

Katha

Hing

Vasakarista Ekangveer Ras Bhasma Lohasona Ashokaristha Draksharistha

 

Ø   “A” class item: 60%

Ø  " B " class items: - 30 %

Ø  " C " class items: - 10 %

4.6         Levels of inventory

 

1.    MAXIMUM LEVEL OF INVENTORY: -

                Zandu kept maximum level of stock for 3 batches.

 

2.     MINIMUM LEVEL OF INVENTORY:-

           Zandu kept minimum level of stock for 2 batches.

 

3.    REORDER LEVEL

            Zandu place a reorder level after 3 batches.

 

4.     SAFETY STOCK

                Zandu kept safety stock for 2 batches.

                Safety stock=minimum level of inventory.

 

4.7         Plant layout and location

 

                        ASFA is a company with an area of about 233 m lengths and 15 meters. ASFA is located at Kalakunj that is area of Surat which is the industrial area so all types of facilities are available as well and very easily. The most important part of production is got to easily the raw material at lowest transportation cost so overall cost is decreased.

 

                         And here, both skilled and unskilled workers are easily available than as the villages and many cities’ areas. ASFA is located near main Road which makes the transportation easier. Other facility like railway facility is also near. Railway is within 2 km at to company. Company is in the industrial area so electricity, water, gases, land etc. are all easily available at the site.

 

 

 

4.8         Type of production system

This company is manufacture of product with continuous manufacturing system.

Ø  Company is manufacture with mass production.

Ø  It’s consumer consumption goods.

Here, 17 various types of products are manufacture like that Ashavaristh, Avleh, Balm, Bhashama, powder, Ghrit, Marham, Oil, Parpati, Pills, Pisti, Powder, Semi Solid, Sogthi, Syrup, Table, Vatak So that it’s limited product or few products are manufacture.

Ø  Company is using highly automatic and sophisticated machines.

 

4.9         Responsibility of production department

 

Ø  To prepare BMR (batch manufacturing Record).

Ø  To forecast need of raw material.

Ø  give to approval and reject of raw material checked by QC department.

Ø  To prepare various types of documents related to production department.

Ø  To doing record of company traders.

Ø  Give to advice and suggestion to another department.

Ø  To complete some tasks of QC department.

Ø  Supervision of plant, process of production.

Ø   Look after on production supervisors and workers. And solved their problems regarding production system.

Ø  Constant flow of production.

 

4.10     Plant layout:-

 

ASFA using combine layout. Product according plant layout used. Sometimes using process layout and product layout. For understand to layout So follow below table.

 

 Product category

For using layout

Churana

Process layout

     Tablets

Process layout

    Syrup

Product layout

    Balm

Product layout

  

 

4.11     Essential document in production process 

 

Every pharma industry are prepare three important document in process of medicine and other pharma products.

 

1.    Batch Manufacturing Record (BMR) or Batch Processing Record (BPR)

Batch manufacturing record is a written document of the batch from dispensing to Inspection stage which tells about the procedure and step wise instruction to be followed during the manufacturing of each batch. It contains actual data of the process and it is like a proof that batches were properly made and checked by quality Assurance personnel. It also contains the details like Who has done the activity, when the done the activity etc.

Procedure for review of BMR or BPR:

In Raw material Dispensing Stage:  

1)     Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

2)     Ensure the Line clearance is verified by QA.

3)     Ensure the balance calibration date and due date is recorded.

4)     Check the calculation of Potency of API and verified by QA. if applicable.

5)     Ensure the label of ‘Dispensed Material’ is as per ‘Bill of Material’.

6)     Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By and Checked By is completed.

7)     Ensure the selection of code of active material is done, if applicable.

8)     Quantity of material issued with respect to quantity as per ‘Bill of Material’.

9)     Ensure the Checklist of required equipment and area is attached with BMR.

10) Check the ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

11) Ensure the Printout of Balance is attached, material wise with BMR (If applicable)

In Granulation Stage:

1.     Ensure the date of ‘Dispensed Materials’ is within the hold time.

2.     Ensure the ‘Weight Verification’ of all ‘Dispensed Materials’ is completed and signed prior to manufacturing.  

3.     Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

4.     Check the Line clearance is verified by QA.

5.     Ensure the Sieve/Screen is used as per mention in the batch record

6.     Calculate the total net weight of containers used for binder is as per required quantity.

7.     Check the pre-lubrication and Lubrication activity is performed as per BMR.

8.     Check the Printout of blending activity with actual Start Time, End Time and RPM.

9.     Ensure the calculation of ‘Reconciliation’ of blend is correct.

10.  Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By, Done By and Checked By is completed.

11.  Check the checklist of required equipment and area is attached with BMR.

12.  Check the ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

In Compression Stage:

1.     Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

2.     Check the QA person is signed on the ‘Release for Compression’.

3.     Ensure the date of ‘Lubricated Blend’ should not be exceeds the hold time.

4.     Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

5.     Check the Line clearance is verified by QA.

6.     Check the actual type of cam is mentioned.

7.     Check the written frequency of metal detector performance checks if as per BMR.

8.     Check the all In process is done as per In process Control Specification frequency.

9.     Ensure the printout time as per In process checks and it should sign with date.

10.  Ensure the balance calibration date and due date is recorded.

11.  Calculate the total net weight is written correct.

12.  Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By, Done By and Checked By is completed.

13.  Calculate the net weight of each container is written correct
& yield reconciliation

14.  Check the checklist of required equipment & ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

In Capsule Filling Stage:

1.     Check the QA person is signed on the ‘Release for Capsule filling’.

2.     Ensure the date of ‘Lubricated Blend’ should not be exceeds the hold time.

3.     Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

4.     Check the Line clearance is verified by QA.

5.     Check frequency of metal detector performance checks is as per BMR.

6.     Ensure the Empty Capsules Sorter Challenge test is performed as per BMR.

7.     Check all the In process is done as per In process Control Specification frequency.

8.     Check the printout time/Manual weight entry time as per In process checks and it should sign with date.

9.     Ensure the balance calibration date and due date is recorded.

10.  Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By, Done By and Checked By is completed.

11.  Calculate the net weight of each container is written correct & yield reconciliation.

12.  Check the checklist of required equipment & ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

In Coating Stage:

1.     Check the QA person is signed on the ‘Release for Coating’.

2.     Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

3.     Ensure the date of ‘Compression’ should not be exceeds the hold time.

4.     Ensure the actual parameters at ‘Preparation of Suspension’ stage.

5.     Calculate the total net weight of coating suspension containers used for required quantity.

6.     Ensure the calculation for average weight of core and coated tablets.

7.     Ensure the calculation for spray rate of coating suspension & weight gain.

8.     Calculate the net weight of each container is written correct.

9.     Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By, Done By and Checked By is completed.

10.  Reconciliation should be calculated as per particulars

11.  Check the checklist of required equipment & ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

In Inspection Stage:

1.     Ensure the ‘Environmental Condition Log’ is written as per Instruction given in BMR.

2.     Check the Line clearance is verified by QA.

3.     Ensure the quantity of defected tablets/ capsules is as per quantity of each type of defective tablets/capsules observed.

4.     Calculate the net weight of each container and total net weight is written correct.

5.     Ensure the Sign & date of Weighed By, Done By and Checked By is completed with balance calibration date

6.     Reconciliation should be calculate as per particulars.

7.     Check the checklist of required equipment and area is attached with BMR.

8.     Check the ‘Clean label’ of required equipment is attached with BMR.

9.     Check for manufacturing process, if any process history, deviation should be attached with BMR.

10.  QA person should sign and date in ‘Manufacturing Deviations’ table provided in BMR if any.

11.  Ensure the additional pages are attached in BMR.

12.  Ensure the ‘Checked By- production’, Reviewed By- production’, Reviewed By- QA’ and ‘Approved By- QA’ is signed and dated.

Sample BMR

2        preparation of master formula record or master formula card

Master formula record (MFR) is a master document for any pharmaceutical product. It contains all information about the manufacturing process for the product. MFR is prepared by the research and development team of the company and all other documents like BMR and BPR are prepared using MFR by the manufacturing units.

 

AMFR should have following parts:

 

1.      Product Details: First of all, on the first page following details about

·       the product is added. Name, logo and address of the manufacturing company

·       Dosage form name Brand name

·       Generic name

·       Product code

·       Label claim of all ingredients

·       Product description

·       Batch size

·       Pack size and packing style

·       Shelf life

·       Storage conditions

·       MFR number and date

·       Supersede MFR number and date

·       Effective batch number

·       Authorization by the production and quality assurance head

 

2.      Flow Chart: Steps of the manufacturing process to be monitored. Flowchart of the material movement from dispensing to the final product to stores.

3.      Equipment: Create a list of all required equipment and machines required in the manufacturing process with their capacity.

4.      Special instructions: Write down the precautions special instructions to follow during the product manufacturing and packing and these should also be added in the batch manufacturing formula. Batch manufacturing formula should include the following.

·       Name of ingredients with test reference (As IP, BP, USP etc.)

·       Pharmaceutical Updates

·       Pin it

·       Quantity to be added

·       Overages to be added (%)

5.      Calculations: Include the calculation steps of all active materials to get the 100% of the active material. The calculation shall be done using water content or LOD to get 100% potency.

6.      Manufacturing Process: Write all steps in all stages of the manufacturing process. All process steps like shifting, milling, mixing, lubricating, granulation, compression and coating should be written in detail including the process time and yield. Include atmospheric conditions as temperature, humidity, and storage conditions for every step.

 Sample MFR

3. SOP (standard operating produce)

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is a documentation that describes how to perform various routine operations. It contains a step-by-step instruction.

In pharmacy settings various activities are performed every day, each task should be under a standardized process that everybody must follow. Personnel must submit themselves to these procedures to have organized and synchronicity in the work place. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has imposed it as a requirement to every pharmacy workplace to have and make its own SOP. They are requiring the following tasks of SOP - Product Complaints, Product Recalls, Procurement of Stocks, Good Dispensing Practice, Good Storage Practice, Cold Chain Management, Disposal of Expired, Damaged, Returned or Rejected Products. The pharmacist/s, individual who can knowledgeably review the procedures or somebody higher up in the hierarchy of the department are the ones who can create, review and approve the SOP. All businesses that fall under pharmacy, either manufacturing, distributing, trading, laboratories or drugstores are mandated to make their own SOP.

Areas covered SOPs include:

1. SOP for Drug Lists

2. SOP for Procurement of Medicines

3. SOP for Receiving Drugs into Pharmacy

4. SOP for Drug Storage

5. SOP for Vaccine Storage

6. SOP for Temperature Control 2

7. SOP for Issue and Delivery of Drugs to Dispensary/Satellite Pharmacies/Wards /Other Units

8. SOP for Dispensing /UDDS

9. SOP for Patients Counseling

10.SOP for Counseling of Handicapped Patients

11.SOP for Compounding of Medicines

12.SOP for Procurement, Dispensing and Distribution of Narcotic Drugs and Poisons.

13.SOP for Disposal of Expired Drugs

14.SOP for Clinical Ward Round

15.SOP for Training of Intern Pharmacists

16.SOP for Continuing Education

17.SOP for Drug Revolving Fund (DRF) Scheme

18.SOP for Drug Information Service (DIS)/Drug Information Center (DIC).

19.SOP for Dress Code

20.SOP for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)

21.SOP for Screening Prescriptions 22.SOP for Preparing a Drug Formulary.

Sample of SOP

4.12     Company’s machineries

 

·       Filling machine: to fill liquid in the bottles. 16 bottles can filed at a same time with the help of this machine

 

·       Capping machine: it is used for capping the filled bottles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

·       Labeling machine: for labeling on the bottles and jars.

 

 

·       Taping machine: for scaling the cartoons.

·       Tableting machine: for make to shape of tablet.

 

 

·       Weight machine: for checking the weight of the tablet, bottle , jar.

·       Granulation machine: to make the powder of different tablets.

 

·       Tablet color coating machine: to make the different tablets in different color

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

             

·       Neocota machine:- to make tablet in lot of quantity in the same time

 

·       Dry machine: to dry tablets, capsules

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

·       Cadmill machine: -for making pieces to make tablets.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

·       Grinding machine: - it’s used to convert in form powders into raw material.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

·       Disintegrator machine: this machine used for able to usable of raw material.

 

·       Micropolitan machine: - for using to convert into micro powder

·       Sifter machine: - for using remove waste and unnecessary raw materials.

§  It’s work in layer wise.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

·       Mass mixer: it’s used to mixer various types of raw material.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

·       Tablet counting machine: - for counting of tablet and capsules.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.13     Production Processes: -

 

·       Process of churna :-

F Receiving of raw materials from the stores.

F Feeding Raw materials into grinding machine.

F Mixing of grind material.

F Checking of finished product (Churna) in Q.C.  Department.

F If the product approved by the Q.C.  department, product will send in packing department.

F After packing of finished product, it will send for Dispatch

 

§  Flow chart of churna :-

 

 

 

·       PROCESS OF TABLETS :- 

§  Receiving of grinding materials.

§  Preparation of Genus

§  Send grimes in dryer. 

§  Mixing of lubricant in dry powder. 

§  Dry powder feed into compressor as per product cutting is done. 

§  Sela coting (Alcohol + gum powder) is done as per product required.  Sela coting is useful to product tablets from moisture.

§  Silver coting as done. 

§  Telecom coting is useful for making tablets smooth

 

·       FLOW CHART OF TABLET PROCESS :-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

·      PROCESS OF SYRUP:

·       Process of Syrup:-

 

§  Receiving of raw material from raw materials.

§  Raw materials are boiled. 

§  Boiled materials are mixed in machine. 

§  Mixed materials are boiled in machine. 

§  After mixing finish syrup will be ready. 

§  Finished products are sent in Q.C.  department. 

§  If Q.C, approved it, Syrup will send in packing department

 

 

 

 

 

Ø  FLOW CHART OF SYRUP :-

 

  

 

 

 


 

                                                                                                                         

 

 

 

 

4.14     Maintenance Planning System :-

 

                    In Asia, they maintain machines monthly or yearly basis as per machine required Sometimes, they will maintain machine by preventive maintenance

 ● Workforce of maintenance department :-

 Workforce of department must be educated means they must have knowledge in machines. They must be skilled . In ASFA . There are twelve workers and two supervisors in maintenance department . They all are permanent a skilled . % of wastages : In Assfa , they reuse wastages in production . So , wastage is very less .

 ● IDLE TIME ( MEN & MACHINE ) :-

Generally men and machines will be idle at the time of Breakdown , power cut , etc. otherwise men and machine will be working

● Pollution control :-

 ASFA manufacture Ayurvedic health care products . So , the pollution is very less in comparison of the other company . So , they does not require ant pollution control process . Duties of production manager : Mr. Viraj H Mistri at is a production manager in ASFA .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter: 5

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

 

 

 

 

 

5.1         Introduction

 H R Management is that the part of management process, which concerned, with the human part of an organization and the relation between employers and employees. In ASFA personal manager in its real sense deals with planning, organizing, directing and control of personnel i.e.

1.     Planning the future requirement, selection, training and so on and rate of labour turnover.

2.     Decide on the structure of the company by determining the cost of individual in managerial and operative work.

3.     Issue instruction, develop communication network and integrate them.

4.     He controls the quality, time and performance of   workers.

 

5.2         Objective Personnel Management: -

 

The objectives of the H R management are as follows :-

 

                 To establish guidelines for Personnel and Administration department to work as per companies’ policy and maintain local regulations as applicable for the organization. To train personnel and evaluate performance for better working ethics.  To generate system for data collection, review and necessary actions.

 

5.3         Importance Of H.R. Manager:-

 

Importance of the H R manager is as follows: -

 

1.     It enables to selection of suitable candidate for the post.

2.     It provides workers skilled enough to their jib.

3.     Works are delegated as per the proper rules established.

4.     It helps in maintaining healthy industrial relationship.

5.     It increases productivity and reduce the production cost.     These all qualities play a very important role in the field of personnel manager.

                                                                                                                                                           

5.4         Function Of H.R. Management:

        There are some of the functions of H R management in ASFA, they are :-

1.     To recruit a person and to set the recruitment policies and systems.

2.     To plan manpower and to fulfill the requirement of manpower whenever required.

3.     To train the manpower and employees of the company.

4.     To develop and identify the potential personnel for the specific job requirement.

5.     To recommend management on wages issue.

 

o   Recruitment   :-

1.     ADVERTISING: -

 Advertising in newspaper and periodicals play a very important role in requirement of management and technical personnel. In ASFA advertisement is mostly given in local newspaper like Gujarat Samachar, Gujarat Mitra, Economic Times and Mid-Day.

2.     LABOUR CONTRACTOR: -

 In Indian industries workers are recruited through contractors who are themselves the employees of this organization. In ASFA employees are provide by labour contractor who themselves are employees of the organization. Whenever labours are required on temporary basis labour contractor are contacted.

 

o   Selection:-

The selection process of a person in ASFA is as follows :-

STEP 1.

           Firstly, the company gives advertisement in the local                                        

          newspaper for the required job.

 

STEP 2.

          Then the applicant has to fill ZA16 Form.

 

STEP 3.

         The ZA16 Form chooses some applicants and then the

         head of the company takes their interview.

 

STEP 4.

        Then the ZA16 Form and the details of the interview are

        send to the head office.

 

 

STEP 5.

        There the heads check the references and appoints the

        person for the relevant job for the temporary bases.

 

STEP 6.

        If the head office approves him then an appointment

        letter mentioning the terms of the employment is send

        to him. 

 

o   Traning :-

 Training is the theoretical and practical education being imparted to the employees for getting proficiency in a particular field. After selection the employees are generally employed for the six-month probationary period during which they are given on the job training for managerial staff and goods manufacturing practice training and workers.

 

5.5         Company Provide Various Types Of Facility & Allowance :-

 

The facilities to workers include house rent allowance, medical reimbursement, lunch subsidies , traveling concession, two pairs dresses every year, shoes every year, umbrella every two year and also attendance allowance. New residential quarters are being built to provide residential facilities for those staff members who reside outside Surat. The company also provides 20% bonus and productivity based bonus to all its workers once in a year.

 

o   Working Environment :-

 

Working environment plays an important role in the company. The working environment in ASFA is always smooth and safe free from any kind of risk and hazards. Generally pharmaceutical company does not have any dangerous or heavy plant and machinery so in ASFA also has no much risk to the life and limb of its workers. The staff members and the workers are very much co-operative in nature.

 

o   Incentives And Amenities :-

 

The company ASFA tries to provide maximum facilities to its workers. It includes house rent allowance., medical allowance, and educational facilities for their children, travelling allowance, land subsidies, and allowances in respect of electricity, water. Repairs and formation, leave concessions, family and personnel allowances, are provided to its managerial staff. The facilities to workers include house rent allowances, medical reimbursement, lunch subsidies, travelling concession, two pairs dresses every year, shoes every year, umbrella every two year and also attendance allowance. Workers are given one month free paying in their marriages or in their children marriages. Provident fund and pension as per pension scheme established in 1995 is provided to the entire employee. New residential quarters are being built to provide residential facilities for those staff members who reside outside Surat. The company also provide 20% bonus and productivity-based bonus to all its workers once in a year.

 

o   Wage And Salary: -

 

Wages and salaries are that remuneration paid by the employers to its employees for the work done by them. ASFA wages are determined as per the minimum wages Act, 1948 and also by the special allowance Act, decide by the Gujarat Govt. and by mutual understanding between labor union and management. Special Allowance Act is revised after every first of October and April. Basic allowance is revised after every 5 to 10 years. Labour union settles wages with management every three years. Govt. labour officers inspect the company to check out wages are given as per the act decided by Govt.

 

o   Salary Structure:-

 Salary structure in ASFA is as follows:

POSTS SALARY ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF 15000-20000 OFFICIAL STAFF 4000 – 12000 WORKDERS 3000 – 5500.

 

o   Discipline: -

 

 In ASFA a good atmosphere with complete discipline is found. Discipline is must in ASFA for every personal i.e., form the top (officer) to bottom (workers). All those who goes against discipline are first warned then showcase notice or memo is provided.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter: 6

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

 

 

 

 

6.1         INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

 

The scope of financial management, that is, the views about finance functions have undergone remarkable changes over time. Till 1950, finance function was regarded as the function only of raising finance for business, and sources of finance but now, an efficient and effective utilization of finance is also been considered as an important function of financial management.

 

Financial management means rising of adequate funds at the minimum cost and using them effectively in business. Financial management is concerned with the financial problems of business organization. It is concerned with the problems of rising finance for establish, expand and modernize business unit,

 

the problems of providing fixed and working capital, the problem of distribution of income etc.

 

Hoagland says, "Financial management is concemed mainly with such matters as, how a business corporation raises its finance and how it makes use of it".

 

6.2         REVENUE & CAPITAL BUDGETING

 

ASFA is a co-operative pharmacy and it is not work with object of earning profit. ASFA do not prepare revenue and capital budgets.

 

ASFA do not prepare revenue and capital budget but if ASFA prepare it than it is

 

useful to ASFA in following ways:

 

Revenue budgeting is beneficial as it encourages cost consciousness, ensuring discipline in operations, improvement in handling, improvement in handling, standardization of products, better analysis of financial statements, detection of deficiency areas, elimination of waste, fixing the responsibilities

 

and creation of responsibilities, better co-ordination between the departments, periodic evolutions of plans, timely improvements in profit plans, etc.

 

ASFA do not prepare capital budgeting but it can prepare it by following the below mentioned steps:

 

Ø  Identifying the potential investment opportunities

 

Ø  Assembling of investment proposals

 

Ø  Decision making about selection of one proposal from various proposals

 

Ø  Implementation of one proposal

 

Ø  Performance review

 

 

6.3         COSTING METHODS

 

The methods to be used for the ascertainment of cost of production differ from industry to industry. It primarily depends upon the manufacturing process and also on the methods of measuring the departmental and finished products.

 

There are various methods of costing are as follows:

 

Ø  Job costing

Ø  Contract costing

Ø  Batch costing

Ø  Process costing

Ø  One operation costing

Ø  Service costing

Ø  Multiple operations costing

 

ASFA use batch costing and multiple operation costing methods. ASFA use these methods because ASFA produce its products in batch and multiple operations are proceeding at a time in ASFA.

 

A batch may represent a number of small orders passed through the pharmacy in batch. Each batch is treated as a unit of cost and separately costed. The cost per unit is determined by dividing the cost of the batch by number of units produced in a batch.

Multiple operation method of manufacturing consists of a number of distinct operations. It refers a cost of converting the raw material into finished goods . Pharmacy also considers the rejections in each operation also for costing of products.

 

6.4         WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE

Asfa uses the sources for working capital are as follows

§  Long Term Sources of Working Capital

Ø  Equity shares

Ø  Preference shares

Ø  Long term loans

 

§  Short Term Sources of Working Capital

Ø  Short term loans

Ø  Bank overdraft

Ø  Trade credit

Ø  Commercial papers

 

6.5         MANAGEMENT OF RECEIVABLES

Receivables are assets accounts representing amount owed to the firm as a result of sale of goods in the ordinary courses of business.

Management of receivables is depending upon the credit policy of company. Asfa has the credit policy as under.

Ø  Asfa has too strict or too liberal credit policy

Ø  Asfa's credit standards are clearly specified in policy and strict for customers

Ø  Asfa give cash discount on bulky purchase

Ø  Asfa give goods only on one month credit period.

Ø  Asfa timely collect and get its receivables

 

6.6         MANAGEMENT OF INVENTORY

Inventory control means the decision of the firm as to the extent to which inventories can be economically stored."

Asfa's main objectives of inventory control are:

Ø  To maintain investment in inventory at the lowest level

Ø  To supply the products to its user as per their requirement at right time.

Ø  To keep inactive, waste, scrape and obsolete items at the minimum level.

Ø  To minimize holding, replacement and shortage cost of inventory at minimum level.

Ø To maximize the efficiency in production.

 

6.7         MANAGEMENT OF CASH

Cash is the medium of exchange which allows management to carry on the various activities of the business on day to day basis.

Cash management involves the following four factors:

Ø  Ascertainment of the minimum cash balance and controlling the level of cash.

Ø  Controlling cash inflows.

Ø  Controlling cash outflows.

Ø  Optimum investment of surplus cash.

 

6.8         PREPARATION & ANALYSIS OF FUND FLOW STATEMENT

 

A fund flow statement provides information on how, during the reporting period, decisions relating to capital structure, dividend and investment in non current assets have changed the amount invested in working capital.

 

A fund flow statement presents sources and application of funds. Sources imply those movements in non current assets, non current liabilities and equity that increase the working capital. Applications imply those movements in non current assets, non current liabilities and equity that reduce the working capital.

 

6.9         Sources and Application of Fund

§  Sources:

a)     Funds from business operations

b)     Sales of non current assets

c)     Issue of share capital

d)     Long term borrowings

Total (1)

 

§  Applications:

(A) Purchase of non current assets

(B) Redemption of debentures

(C) Repayment of other long term liabilities

(D) Buy back of shares

(E) Redemption of preference shares

(F) Payment of income tax

(G) Distribution of cash dividend

Total (2)

 

§  Changes in working capital (1-2)

 

6.10     ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 

Accounting policies are defined as, "the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices adopted by an enterprise in preparing and presenting financial statements."

 

Accounting policies for various matters of Asfa are as follows:

 

·       Debit and Credit

 

Debit and credit are shown as on rules of accounting of debit an asset account increase by carrying amount and debit liability account decrease and credit as visa-versa.

 

·      Fixed Assets :-

 

All fixed assets are shown at actual cost and depreciation is less from it as per straight line   depreciation method.

 

·       Inventories

 

The stock of inventories such as finished, processed and raw material are valued by its cost or net realizable value.

 

·       General accounting

 

The accounts are prepared on historical cost basis and accounting principle of going concern concept.

 

6.11     DEPRICIATION :-

 

              Depreciation is the process of allocating the acquisition cost of the tangible asset less salvage value, if any, in a systematic and a rational manner, over the estimated useful life of the asset.

Asfa use two methods for calculate depreciation first is straight line method and second is written down value method.

            Depreciation on plant and machinery is provided on straight line method. Depreciation on other assets is provided on written down value method. The applicable rates are as specialized in schedule 14 of the act. Depreciation in respect to revalued assets is recouped from revaluation reserved.

          Depreciation in addition from fixed assets is provided on production data bases from/up to the date of such addition/deletion as the case may be. Depreciation in addition assets due to exchange variation, forward over premium changes etc. is provided over the remaining useful life the assets.

 

6.12     Financial statement  :-

Trading account for the period ended on 31 march 2021 of ASFA

DR.                                                                                                                                               CR.      

Particular

Amt (Rs)

Amt(Rs)

Particular

Amt(Rs)

Amt(Rs)

 To opening stock

26019576

By sales

66273095.11

To purchase

 

·       raw material

22696132

Closing stock

 

·       bottles

3246970.5

·       semi-finished goods

9076285

 

·       packing materials

1384108

·       finished goods

9822143

 

·       medicine process

303284.4

·       branches stock

2428409

 

·       machinery spare-parts

167456.6

·       packing material

2079568

23406405

·       tax purchase

185663.52

28613614.88

 

To purchase expanses

 

·       freight

43324

 

·       medicine process

3184668.3

 

·       packing

10584.07

 

·       sample

12919

 

·       factory electricity

898340.59

 

·       garden expense

203545

 

·       boiler miniatous

455711

 

·       scrape expense

1502

4810611.91

 

To production expense

 

·       medicine expense

5475503

 

·       packing

660568

 

·       laboratory

199491

6335562

 

 

 

To profit and loss         (gross profit)

 

23900135.32

 

 

 

Total

 

89679500.11

Total

 

89679500.11

 

 

Profit and loss account for the period ending on 31 march 2021 of

ASFA

DR.                                                                                                                                              CR.                                                                                                                                     

particular

Amt(Rs)

Amt(Rs)

Particular

Amt(Rs)

Amt(Rs)

To Office expense

By trading A/C (gross profit)

23900135.32

·       salary and allowance

5508372

By income

 

·       staff bounce

2561588

·       Dividend of Co. operative shares

147

 

·       Staff LIC group gratuity

1452348

·       Loan interest

148758

148905

·       contribute in ESI fund

269432

Other income

 

·       labour insurance

53163

·       stock difference recovering ac.

1600

 

·       contribute in labour welfare fund

1662

·       Prandhanmantri PF pension

77234

 

·       staff uniform

330908

·       discounts received

361.13

 

·       contribute in PF fund

1332709

·       Interest on Income refund

3240

82435.13

·       Incharge allowance

58150

 

·       holiday salary expense

646590

 

·       staff life insurance

89295

 

·       Awards expenses

535936

 

·       other expense

505564

13345717

 

To Administrative expense

 

·       stationary-printing

324253.84

 

·       advertisement expense

108848

 

·       convey expense

8400

 

·       office offset expense

275760

 

·       postage

26616

 

·       telephone

95240.07

 

·       insurance expense

143012

 

·       adoration expense

3992

 

·       bank charges

7667.03

 

·       miscellaneous expense

84299.45

 

·       legal and license fee

51903

 

·       testing expense

168084.1

 

·       audit fees(internal and government)

200000

 

·       vehicle repair expense

323680.64

 

·       allowance

48135

 

·       electric expense

77801.68

 

·       commission expense

405661

 

·       labour welfare activity

41766

 

·       sales distribution expense

23109

 

·       propaganda expense

126250

 

·       Income tax

785530

3330008.81

 

To vehicle maintenance

 

·       EICHER 1050

505842.17

 

·       honda activa

20421.24

 

·       honda CD 110

4430

 

·       Mahindra Alfa Champion

230155.95

760849.36

 

other expense

 

·       General meeting expense

24167

 

·       rent

71376

 

·       business taxes

7200

 

·       amar chember maintenance

8000

 

·       Devananda expense

10200

 

·       ISO 9001

82210

 

·       taxes

164837

 

·       navagam administrative develop expense

11000

 

·       ID card expense

220

 

·       ayurvedic membership fee

7500

 

·       RCM expense

7976

 

·       Covid-19 relief fund

258348

653034

 

Repair expense

 

·       machinery repair

73117.03

 

·       computer software

50613.73

 

·       dead stock repair

136534.6

 

·       building repair

1821000

 

·       electric equipment service charges

162406.44

 

·       computer maintenance

63800

2307471.82

 

deprecation

1293981

 

 

 

To balance sheet                (Net profit)

 

2440413.39

 

Total

 

24131475.45

Total

 

24131475.45

 

 

 

 

 

Balance sheet as at 31 march 2021 of ASFA

Equity-Liabilities

Amt(Rs)

Amt(Rs)

Assets

Amt(Rs)

Amt (Rs)

 Share Deposit :-

Immovable Assets

 

A)Authorizedcapital  

500000

as per annexure " k " attached

14980374

14980374.5

B) Paid up share capital

500000

500000

Movable Assets

 

Fund and reserve :-

as per annexure "D" attached

 

 A) reserve fund

10640171

movable property

23408010

23408010.4

B) ADD + Member fee

590

Investment:-

 

C) Share transfer fee

580

the sudiko bank ltd .

25000

 

D) unpaid dividends 64th

31665

10673009.4

Surat central stores ltd .

400

 

Depreciation fund :-

su. G.sahkari kh.vepari sangh ltd.

600

26000

as per annexure " A " Attached

30652730

Debt:-

 

Other fund:-

eligible for recovery

938460.67

 

as per annexure " b:1 " Attached

19878871

miscellaneous deposit

256343

 

as per annexure " b:2 " Attached

3186300.6

23065171.8

rent deposit

10275

 

Deposit:-

l.i.c.g.g.s

12658138

 

A) dealer deposit 

1873500

advance income tax

1127780

 

B) stockiest deposit

50000

1923500

c.s.t

1395.92

 

Unpaid dividends:-

fast tag deposit

525

 

65th dividend

26550

c.g.s.t

82979.66

 

66th dividend

36850

s.g.s.t

81090

 

67th dividend

37230

100590

t.d.s. receivables account

10867

15167854.7

Debt and provision

closing stock:-

 

trade debt

2683276

as per certified list as on 31st 2021and at full price

 

provident fund

218168

A) Raw materials

9076285

 

prescribed commission reserved

7316

B) closed goods stock

9822143

 

workers state insurance

36568

C) Branches closed goods stock

2428409

 

staff bonus fund

2467412.9

packing materials

2079568

23406405

staff gratuity fund

13190758

Cash and bank balance

 

sundry debts

355642.9

cash as per branch and head office books

56851

 

income tax deduction

22281

the sudiko bank ltd. Surat current account

5857063.5

 

contractor income tax account

12088

bank of India - Ahmedabad

538861.09

 

salary reserve

11308

bank of Baroda - Surat

459579.09

 

salary reserve march 2021

9304

19014154.2

Valsad district sahkari bank

349180.7

 

 

the suryoday sahkari bank ltd . Surat

279443.88

 

income and expenditure account

the sudiko bank ltd.  Call deposit

2660737

 

 

bank of baroda - vadodara

306683.47

 

net profit brought in from profit loss

2440413.4

2440413.39

the sudiko bank ltd - kamrej branch

33133

 

 

axis bank - group gratuity account -52571628

563950

 

 

axis bank - 155017

185608.22

 

 

i.c.i.c.i bank

86019

 

 

i.c.i.c.i bank ahmedabad

3810

11380920.9

 

 

Total

 

88369565.4

Total

 

88369565.4

 

6.13     Ratio analysis:

Financial ratios are created with the use of numerical values taken from financial statements to gain meaningful information about a company. The numbers found on a company’s financial statements – balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement – are used to perform quantitative analysis and assess a company’s liquidity, leverage, growth, margins, profitability, rates of return, valuation, and more.

o   Types of Ratios

1.      Liquidity ratios

2.      Leverage ratios

3.      Efficiency ratios

4.      Profitability ratios

5.      Market value ratios

Analysis of financial ratios serves two main purposes:

1. Track company performance

Determining individual financial ratios per period and tracking the change in their values over time is done to spot trends that may be developing in a company. For example, an increasing debt-to-asset ratio may indicate that a company is overburdened with debt and may eventually be facing default risk.

2. Make comparative judgments regarding company performance

Comparing financial ratios with that of major competitors is done to identify whether a company is performing better or worse than the industry average. For example, comparing the return on assets between companies helps an analyst or investor to determine which company is making the most efficient use of its assets.

Users of financial ratios include parties external and internal to the company:

·        External users: Financial analysts, retail investors, creditors, competitors, tax authorities, regulatory authorities, and industry observers

·        Internal users: Management team, employees, and owners

 

1.    Liquidity Ratios

Liquidity ratios are financial ratios that measure a company’s ability to repay both short- and long-term obligations. Common liquidity ratios include the following:

i.          The current ratio measures a company’s ability to pay off short-term liabilities with current assets:

Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities

§  For 2020-2021

Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities

=49955180.6/3073287.93

=16.25464

§  For 2019-2020

Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities =49955180.6/3073287.93=16.25464                                           

ii.          The cash ratio measures a company’s ability to pay off short-term liabilities with cash and cash equivalents:

Cash ratio = Cash and Cash equivalents / Current Liabilities

§  For 19-20

=9792834/6645590

=1.47:1

§  For 20-21

=11380920/3279368.03

=3.470:1


Leverage Financial Ratios

Leverage ratios measure the amount of capital that comes from debt. In other words, leverage financial ratios are used to evaluate a company’s debt levels. Common leverage ratios include the following:

i.          The debt ratio measures the relative amount of a company’s assets that are provided from debt:

Debt ratio = Total liabilities / Total assets

§  For 19-20

=21457273.17/86363601.01

=0.2484

=24.84%

§  For 20-21

=19014154/88369565.40

=0.2151

=21.51%

ii.          The debt to equity ratio calculates the weight of total debt and financial liabilities against shareholders’ equity:

Debt to equity ratio = Total liabilities / Shareholder’s equity

 

§  For 19-20

=21457273/500000

=42.91%

§  For 20-21

=19014154/500000

=38.028%

2.    Profitability Ratios

Profitability ratios measure a company’s ability to generate income relative to revenue, balance sheet assets, operating costs, and equity. Common profitability financial ratios include the following:

The gross margin ratio compares the gross profit of a company to its net sales to show how much profit a company makes after paying its cost of goods sold:

Gross margin ratio = Gross profit / Net sales

§  For 19-20

=

=36.49%

§  For 20-21

=23900135.32/66273095

=0.36=36%

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter :- 7

Marketing department


 

 

7.1         INTRODUCTION MARKETING DEPARTMENT

The common usage of market means a place where goods are bought or sold. In its strict meaning market need not necessarily mean a place of exchange. Marketing: - Marketing is concerned with selling but now a day the concept has enlarged its meaning. We know that a product is provided with the aim of sale. The aim producer totally depends on marketing. Without marketing no unit can run. It covers marketing research, new product development and so many other important functions. " Marketing is the process of discovering and translating consumer needs and wants into product and service specifications, creating demand for these products and services and then in turn expanding this demand. "

8         ASFA is a co - operative pharmacy working with the objective of survives people . ASFA produces ayurvedic medicines. ASFA produces more than 288 types of products which other companies do not produce. ASFA sales its product in Gujarat and other nearer states and there are no other companies with so large production in Gujarat but then also ASFA have competition from the national and international companies like Zandu, Himalaya, Dabur, Baidyanath, Charak etc. and also from state level companies like Puja pharmacy, Gujarat Ayurved Vikas Mandal, Ban pharmacy etc. The key suppliers in Ayurveda are Dabur, Baidyanath, and Zandu, which together have about 85 % of India's domestic market . Dabur India Ltd. (1884) is India's largest Ayurvedic medicine supplier and the fourth largest producer of FMCG. Zandu (1919) focuses preliminary on ayurvedic medicines but it produces chemical and cosmetic products also. Himalaya is established in 1939 in Bangalore and has business about 500 million dollars. Vicco (1958) produces topical therapies based on Ayurveda and is best known internationally for its toothpaste product. ASFA has main competition from Baidyanath and Charak. Sri Baidyanath Ayurvedic Bhawan Ltd. was founded in 1917 in Calcutta, and specializes in Ayurvedic medicines. The company reports having over 700 Ayurvedic products, made at 10 manufacturing centers, with 1,600 employees. Charak Pharmaceuticals was founded in 1947, and currently has three distribution centers in India; it produces liquids, tablets, and veterinary supplies.

7.2  COMPARISON OF 4PS OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF ASFA WITH COMPATITORS

Marketing mix is the policy adopted by the manufacturers to get success in the field of marketing. Those days, when goods were matched with the market have gone. Marketing mix is the term used to describe the combination of 4 inputs which constitute the core of company's marketing system the product, the price structure, the promotional activities and the distribution (place) system. These are popularly known as, " 4ps “. A brief description of four elements of marketing mix of ASFA is:

Product A product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need. ASFA produce 288 medicines for its customer. Other companies do not have so large range of product width and length. ASFA use rarely found able herbs in its medicines which make difference from competitors. ASFA produce more qualitative products than the competitors. ASFA also research and produce new medicines and patent them . Such medicines like ASFA haemetone , Reducid , ASFAlax , Gasowin , ASFA - tone

Ø  Price The marked or announced amount of money asked from a buyer is known as basic price of a product . ASFA use value pricing method for its products . In this method, ASFA charging fairly low price for highly qualitative product, which its competitor cannot done . ASFA charged low price than its competitors because ASFA less expense in promotional activity and for distribution. ASFA charged low price because it is co - operative pharmacy and its main objective is provide medicines at fair price, not to earn profit . → Promotion Marketing communication consist of communication marketing activities through various forms of promotion that is personal selling , advertising . publicity and public relationship , sales promotion etc. together called promotion mix . ASFA does not do more expenditure for promotional activities like other companies . ASFA do zero level marketing than also ASFA easily sale its medicine and its dealer largely expand in all Gujarat. Place means the decision by which company transfers their product , location , inventory handling , warehousing , storage facility , transportation etc. ASFA has a big location for plant at bank of river tapi . ASFA is located near the nation high way so it can transport and get material easily . ASFA has own retail store in various cities so it can easily provide medicines to customers than its competitors . Competitors like Pooja , Zandu , Himalaya , Dabour etc. have not so widely develop distribution network in Gujarat .

7.3  INDUSTRIAL BUYING BEHAVIOUR

               The industrial or organization buyer decision making is a follow stage process. ASFA use this process are as under .

1 ) Problem Recognition :

     The buying process begins with recognition with recognition of a problem or need . Something is needed that can be met by procurement of a product spare parts , material or plant and machinery or service . Externally , trade show or exhibition , Advertisement calls from sales representative may provide stimuli for need recognition . ASFA use internally and externally may provide stimuli for recognition

2 ) General need description and product specification :

     The ASFA determine the needed item general characteristics and required quantity . For standard items this is simple . For complex items the ASFA will work with other engineers , user to define characteristics such as reliability , durability or price . the ASFA organization now develops the item technical specifications . Often the company will assign a product value analysis ( PVA ) engineering team to project . PVA is the cost reduction approach by redesigning the component or by standardizing them .

 3 ) Search supplier :

      The ASFA tries to search out supplier . Main source of the search vendor are trade directories internet trade advertisement visit industrial exhibition , phone to other company for recommendations . from various soures of buyer trues to identified the most appropriate from only a few prequalified vendors .

 4 ) Proposal solicitation and selection :

      The ASFA next invites qualified supplier to submit proposals . If the item is complex or expensive the buyer will require a detailed written proposal from each qualified supplier

      Before selecting a supplier the buying center will specified desire supplier attributes and indicate threre relative importance . To rate and identified the most attractive supplier buying centers often use a supplier evaluation model .

5 ) Order routine specification :

After selecting supplier the ASFA negotiates the final order listing the technical specification the quantity needed the expected time of delivery return policy warranties and so on .

6 ) Performance review :  The ASFA periodically review the performance of the supplier .

7.4 PRODUCT MIX :-

Product mix means , " The set of product offered for sale by a firm or a business unit is known as a product mix " .

 ASFA COMPANY PRODUCT MIX :-

 ASFA Company produces 288 no of product . But some no of product I include in diagram .

 

There are three important aspect of product mix ( 1 ) width , ( 2 ) depth , ( 3 ) consistency .

( 1 ) Width of the product mix is concerned with the number of product lines marketed by the company .

( 2 ) The depth of the product mix depends on the average number of product items included in the product lines .

 ( 3 ) The consistency of the product mix indicates how far or to what extent the product lines are interconnected with each other from the view point of their final use or production requirements or channel of distribution .

·      Packaging & labeling :-

 ( 1 ) Packaging –

         packaging is meant for the protection and maintenance of the quality of the product . It serves the purpose of container and wrapper ; however , it is the powerful tool of promotion at point of purchase . Attractive packaging and labeling increases sales without spending much on advertisement .

        ASFA company produce 288 types of product and use the 288 types of packaging . Overall 6 types of machine available at ASFA for packaging .

( 2 ) Labeling –

        labeling is connected with brand and packaging . Label is a strip on the container or packaging on which certain instruction . ASFA company give instruction to consumer that how use the product and price of the product , date of the manufacturing etc.

 

·       Pricing strategies

            The marked or announced amount of money asked from a buyer is known as basic price - value placed on a product . Price is the one element of the marketing mix that produces revenue . Prices are the easiest marketing mix element to adjust ; product features , channels , and even promotion take more time .

           There can be competition between price - quality segments . The below diagram shows nine price - quality strategies .

 

 

 

ASFA has super - value strategy for its products . ASFA provides medicines at low price with high quality .

ASFA set price for its products by taking care of the below matters .

➡ ASFA set price with considering its objective of provide medicines at fairly price with good quality .

ASFA decides price after the production is over so it estimate cost of production and other expenditure and divide it by number of products and add some more for setting price .

 ➡ ASFA Also considered the price of competitors and try to set less price than competitors .

·       DISTRIBUTION NETWORK  :-

       Distribution network can be define as a set of interdependent institutions participating in the marketing activities involved in the flow of goods and services from manufacturer to customer .

       ASFA have well developed distribution network for marketing activities . ASFA have 78 dealers for selling its medicines . ASFA have own distribution network . ASFA sell its medicines by own stores and these stores are created in whole Gujarat state such as in Surat , Ahmedabad , Ankles war , Anand , Navsari , Vadodara and in many other cities of Gujarat .

      ASFA use zero level and one level channel for distribution . ASFA provide medicines to its retail store as per their requirement and that stores sales . medicines direct to customers so customer get medicines in less price than competitors . ASFA have also a store at outside the pharmacy from where anyone can get medicines easily .

·       SALES PROCEDURE :-

The steps of sales procedure of ASFA are as follows .

1. First step is to get raw - material and send in production department for process .

 2. Production department prepare finished product , packed and after testing send it to dispatch department .

3. Dispatch department receives the order from ASFA's stores .

 4. According to order dispatch department send the medicines to various store by pharmacy's own vehicle .

 5. Retail stores send the material receipt note .

 6. Retail stores are selling that medicines to customers and send the copy of bills of selling medicines with payment .

 7. ASFA receive copy of bills and note in sales documents and collect payment .

8. If any dealer or customer has complaint against medicines than ASFA takes their complaint and take corrective actions for that .

 

7.5  UNIQUE FEATURES OF ASFA'S PRODUCTS :-

ASFA produce 288 medicines or many other products . ASFA produce medicines in various categories like asav , aristas , syrups , churns , avlehas etc. and all of them have different unique features but ASFA products main feature is " Better Quality in Lower Price " .

Ø  We have a variety of asavs and aristas that are prepared on the time tested principle of ayurveda . Our products in asavs and aristas are of high medicinal value      that of others .

Ø  ASFAs syrups are meant for overall growth , stimulated appetite , correct digestive system and cough & respiration disorders .

Ø  ASFA have prepared a variety of churns through constant research and experiments and that have been highly effective to cure digestive problems , skin digests , joint pain , cold & cough and many others .

Ø  ASFA's avlehas are prepared from the herbs which rare to found which wasn't made by others . These avlehas are costly because of special herbs are used for it .

ASFA use some time the ancient recipes for prepare medicines. ASFA have alsopatent right of some medicines which are made by scientist of ASFAs laboratory.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter :- 8

QUALITY CONTROL

 

 

 

 

8.1         INTRODUCTION

     Quality is measure of characteristic of a product or service which impart it functional or aesthetic value so as to satisfy the needs of and users for a given price paid by them . Quality control is a system of policies, procedures and guidelines which established and maintained the specifies standard of quality . It includes all aspects of quality such as research and development , design parameters , inspection , measurement and analysis of current quality levels , future trends and also competitor's quality level , feedback from field performance of quality , choice of machines , tools , processes etc. , selection and training of production and inspection staff , corrective actions and follow up etc.

·       ASFA's objective of quality control

ASFA's main objective is to produce cost effective quality ayurvedic medicine . The other objectives are as follows :

Ø  To give qualitative products to customers .

Ø  To see whether the medicines are confirms to pre - determine standers .

Ø  To reduce wastage .

Ø  To develop quality consciousness .

Ø  To assess the quality .

 

8.2              QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM IN ASFA

ASFA checks the quality of all three type of product , raw - material , in process goods and finished product .

Ø Raw -material :-

In this stage , raw materials are being checked and compare with specified quality or order placed . In quality control laboratory they check the quality of raw material , ratio of water and solid material etc. If quality of raw material is not satisfactory , goods will be rejected . If acceptable report is send to store department .

 

Ø In process goods :-

         ASFA also check the quality of goods during the process of production so is there any problem in quality while processing , it can remove by taking corrective actions and make qualitative medicines for customers . These types of checking record are kept in " standard verification " .

Ø Finished Product :-

        When product are finished its process then from them some samples are send to quality control department for quality checking and if quality is accepted then only finished product give to packing department for packing and labeling . The document is used to keep these types of records is called " Finished product report " .

        In ASFA , there is systematic and scientific approaches for quality control they follow some standardize rules and regulation for quality control . ASFA check quality of Raw material , In process goods and Finished product .

       For raw material they check the quality of item of various levels such as scientific name , family , description ( macro and micro scope ) .

After checking the items at micro and macro level then they check its identity .

By purity :-

Ø  Foreign matter

Ø  Total ash

Ø  Acid By strength

Ø  Alcohols

Ø  Water

For In process goods and finish product they check integration of various item checks that quality of product will much with company standard .

8.3             DOCUMENTS RELATED TO QUALITY CONTROL

1. Chemical list

2. Instrument list

3. Reference book list

4. S.O.P. ( Standard Operating Process )

5. M.F.C. ( Master Formula Card )

6. Calibration report

7. Test reports

§  Finished product report

§  Raw material report

§  Packing material report

§  In process report

§  Re - test report

§  R.M. order sample record

§  Stability study report

8. House kipping record

9. Complain record ( outside )

10. Prepare solution record

11. In - ward , out - ward registered

12. B.M.R. issue registered

13. Suggestion record

14. Release order record

15. Out si     de testing record

16. Q.S.P. ( Quality System Procedures )

17. Q.A.M. ( Quality Manual )

18. Date stock registered

 

CONCLUSION

The Asfa Pharmacy completed 73 years . During these periods Pharmacy achieve many progressive stages . This Pharmacy has a head office and other five branches . At this way its branches are spreading in different area of all Gujarat state . From the study of last 2 years Pharmacy's financial report , we can say that rate of progress of Pharmacy is very good . Asfa is co - operative pharmacy and since its establishment it is never done loss but Asfa sale its medicines at low price so that its profit is less compare to other Pharmacies . Pharmacy's Sales and Profit is decrease in current year to compare past years . For the duration of our training in Asfa , we found that the workers and managerial staff are good and the management of all departments is efficient . Workers are fully satisfied with their work . This Pharmacy's aim is not only do profit but also work for employee welfare and societal welfare .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bibliography

https://www.medindia.net/ayurveda/index.asp:-https://www.nhp.gov.in/origin-of-ayurveda_mtl

http://swamiasfa.com/

 

Reference

Ø  Philip Kotler :- Marketing Management (2012)

Ø  Taylor :- Production Management (2011)

Ø  T.J. Rana :- Management Accounting (2016)

Ø  Gary Dessler :- Human Resource Management (2020)

 


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